{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T21:45:10Z","timestamp":1782337510056,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1992,9,1]],"date-time":"1992-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":715305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Dominant mutations of the Knotted-1 (Kn1) homeobox gene of maize alter the differentiation and growth of cells associated with leaf veins. By analyzing Kn1 transcripts and KN1 protein, we show that the gene is not expressed at high levels during the development of wildtype leaves. Instead, Kn1 is expressed in apical meristems of vegetative and floral shoots, and is downregulated as leaves and floral organs are initiated. Kn1 is also expressed in relatively undifferentiated cells within developing vascular bundles, as well as ground tissue, in immature, unelongated axes of wild-type vegetative and floral shoots. In Kn1-N2 mutant plants, quantitative, but not qualitative differences are apparent in Kn1 transcripts and KN1 protein, consistent with previous observations that dominant Kn1 mutations map to noncoding regions of the gene. Kn1 is expressed ectopically in vascular bundles within developing mutant leaves in a pattern that correlates with the phenotypic alterations produced by the Kn1-N2 mutation. Thus, Kn1 apparently alters the fates of leaf cells in which it is ectopically expressed from an early stage of leaf development. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that Kn1 functions in its wild-type context as a regulator of cell determination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.116.1.21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T00:56:44Z","timestamp":1619398604000},"page":"21-30","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":346,"title":["A dominant mutation in the maize homeobox gene, <i>Knotted-1<\/i>, causes its ectopic expression in leaf cells with altered fates"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Laurie G.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology 1 , University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"},{"name":"Plant Gene Expression Center 2 , U.S.D.A.-A.R.S., 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology 1 , University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Veit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology 1 , University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Hake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology 1 , University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"},{"name":"Plant Gene Expression Center 2 , U.S.D.A.-A.R.S., 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1992,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C1","volume-title":"Current Protocols in Molecular Biology","author":"Ausubel","year":"1991"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C2","first-page":"37","article-title":"Use of the scanning electron microscope to ascribe leaf regional identities even when normal anatomy is disrupted","volume":"63","author":"Becraft","year":"1989","journal-title":"Maize Genetics Cooperation News Letter"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1438-8677.1989.tb00067.x","article-title":"Immunofluorescent staining of microtubules in plant tissues: improved embedding and sectioning techniques using polyethylene glycol (PEG) and Steedman\u2019s Wax","volume":"102","author":"Brown","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bot. Acta"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/318569a0","article-title":"Distribution of Ultrabithorax proteins in mutants of Drosophila bithorax complex and its transregulatory genes","volume":"318","author":"Cabrera","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(90)90108-U","article-title":"Ectopic expression from the Deformed gene triggers a dominant defect in Drosophila adult head development","volume":"141","author":"Chadwick","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dev. Biol"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1983.tb06411.x","article-title":"Organ initiation and development of unisexual flowers in the tassel and ear of Zea mays","volume":"70","author":"Cheng","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3733\/hilg.v15n03p325","article-title":"Ontogeny of the vascular bundle in Zea mays","volume":"15","author":"Esau","year":"1943","journal-title":"Hilgardia"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/111.3.617","article-title":"Developmental genetics of mutants that specify knotted leaves in maize","volume":"111","author":"Freeling","year":"1985","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(86)90816-0","article-title":"An inversion that disrupts the Antennapedia gene causes abnormal structure and localization of RNAs","volume":"47","author":"Frischer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C10","first-page":"833","article-title":"Inheritance and expression of chimeric genes in the progeny of transgenic maize plants","volume":"8","author":"Fromm","year":"1990","journal-title":"BioTechnology"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2884726","article-title":"Homeobox genes in the study of development","volume":"236","author":"Gehring","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1969.tb07584.x","article-title":"Characterization of development in maize through the use of mutants. II. The abnormal growth conditioned by the Knotted mutant","volume":"56","author":"Gelinas","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9525(92)90065-C","article-title":"Unravelling the knots in plant development","volume":"8","author":"Hake","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/320621a0","article-title":"Analysis of genetic mosaics shows that the extra epidermal cell divisions in Knotted mutant maize plants are induced by adjacent mesophyll cells","volume":"320","author":"Hake","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03343.x","article-title":"Cloning Knotted, the dominant morphological mutant in maize using Ds2 as a transposon tag","volume":"8","author":"Hake","year":"1989","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C16","volume-title":"Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual","author":"Harlow","year":"1988"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90492-W","article-title":"What determines the specificity of action of Drosophila homeodomain proteins?","volume":"63","author":"Hayashi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1038\/332858a0","article-title":"Divergent homeobox proteins recognize similar DNA sequences in Drosophila","volume":"332","author":"Hoey","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/335025a0","article-title":"The molecular genetics of embryonic pattern formation in Drosophila","volume":"335","author":"Ingham","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/327070a0","article-title":"High velocity microprojectiles for delivering nucleic acids into living cells","volume":"327","author":"Klein","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C21","first-page":"559","article-title":"Factors influencing gene delivery into Zea mays cells by high velocity microprojectiles","volume":"6","author":"Klein","year":"1988","journal-title":"BioTechnology"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.91.1.440","article-title":"Genetic transformation of maize cells by particle bombardment","volume":"91","author":"Klein","year":"1989","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C23","first-page":"128","article-title":"Studies on the vascular course in maize plant","volume":"11","author":"Kumazawa","year":"1961","journal-title":"Phytomorphology"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(89)90304-7","article-title":"Cell lineage analysis of maize bundle sheath and mesophyll cells","volume":"133","author":"Langdale","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dev. Biol"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C25","first-page":"236","article-title":"The vascular anatomy of the eight-rowed ear and tassel of Golden Bantam sweet corn","volume":"36","author":"Laubengayer","year":"1949","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C26","article-title":"Active mutator elements suppress the mutant phenotype and increase recombination at the Kn1-O tandem duplication","volume-title":"Genetics, in press","author":"Lowe","year":"1992"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C27","first-page":"3","article-title":"The mechanism of leaf initiation","volume-title":"In The Growth and Functioning of Leaves","author":"Lyndon","year":"1983"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90471-N","article-title":"Homeobox genes and axial patterning","volume":"68","author":"McGinnis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(87)53072-5","article-title":"Synthesis and sequence-specific proteolysis of hybrid proteins produced in E. coli","volume":"153","author":"Nagai","year":"1987","journal-title":"Meth. Enzymol"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-746620-0.50011-5","article-title":"Cellular parameters of leaf morphogenesis in maize and tobacco","volume-title":"In Contemporary Problems in Plant Anatomy","author":"Poethig","year":"1984"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C31","first-page":"413","article-title":"Patterns and problems in angiosperm leaf morphogenesis","volume-title":"In Pattern Formation: A Primer in Developmental Biology","author":"Poethig","year":"1984"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1964.tb06626.x","article-title":"Characterization of development in maize through the use of mutants. I. The Polytypic (Pt) and ramosa-1 (ra1) mutants","volume":"51","author":"Postlethwaite","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(87)90165-X","article-title":"Vectors for selective expression of cloned DNA\u2019s by T7 polymerase","volume":"56","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(91)90587-V","article-title":"1Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in tomato is encoded by a multigene family whose transcription is induced during fruit and floral senescence","volume":"222","author":"Rottman","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C35","volume-title":"Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual","author":"Sambrook","year":"1989"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aob.a088407","article-title":"Developmental anatomy of the shoot of Zea mays L","volume":"6","author":"Sharman","year":"1942","journal-title":"Ann. Bot"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C37","article-title":"Developmental Analysis of the Knotted-1 Mutant of Zea mays","volume-title":"Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley","author":"Sinha","year":"1990"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(90)90115-Y","article-title":"Mutant characters of Knotted maize leaves are determined in the innermost tissue layers","volume":"141","author":"Sinha","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dev. Biol"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-2458-4_42","article-title":"Perturbations in leaf development caused by the dominant Knotted-1 mutation in maize","volume-title":"In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Plant Growth Substances","author":"Sinha","year":"1992"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C40","first-page":"353","article-title":"Experiments on phyllotaxis. II. The effect of displacing a primordium","volume":"222","author":"Snow","year":"1933","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1959.tb05351.x","article-title":"The dorsiventrality of leaf primordia","volume":"58","author":"Snow","year":"1959","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511626227","volume-title":"Patterns in Plant Development","author":"Steeves","year":"1989","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(86)90385-2","article-title":"Use of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase to direct selective high-level expression of cloned genes","volume":"189","author":"Studier","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Molec. Biol"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C44","first-page":"286","article-title":"Experimental investigation of leaf dorsiventrality and orientation in the juvenile shoot","volume":"5","author":"Sussex","year":"1955","journal-title":"Phytomorphology"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.110.3.985","article-title":"Division and differentiation during normal and liguleless-1 maize leaf development","volume":"110","author":"Sylvester","year":"1990","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/125.3.623","article-title":"A tandem duplication causes the Kn1-O allele of Knotted, a dominant morphological mutant of maize","volume":"125","author":"Veit","year":"1990","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/350241a0","article-title":"The developmental gene Knotted-1 is a member of a maize homeobox gene family","volume":"350","author":"Vollbrecht","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024022607431936000_DEVELOP_116_1_21C48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/318567a0","article-title":"Contrabithorax mutations cause inappropriate expression of Ultrabithorax products in Drosophila","volume":"318","author":"White","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dev\/article-pdf\/116\/1\/21\/3370785\/develop_116_1_21.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dev\/article-pdf\/116\/1\/21\/3370785\/develop_116_1_21.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T07:43:46Z","timestamp":1708933426000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dev\/article\/116\/1\/21\/37317\/A-dominant-mutation-in-the-maize-homeobox-gene"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,9,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dev.116.1.21","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-1991","1477-9129"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-1991","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-9129","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,9,1]]}}}