{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T02:45:39Z","timestamp":1781837139189,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,8,1]],"date-time":"1995-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":807235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Octopamine has been called the \u2018fight or flight\u2019 hormone of insects. We tested this hypothesis by measuring octopamine levels in the haemolymph of field crickets after fighting, flying, courting and escape behaviours. Octopamine levels in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus increased during aggressive (agonistic) behaviour from baseline levels of 4.5\u00b12.1 pg \u03bcl-1 haemolymph to 24.3\u00b115.2 pg \u03bcl-1 haemolymph, regardless of whether the cricket won or lost the encounter. Octopamine levels also increased after 5 min of flying (to 44.6\u00b122.3 pg \u03bcl-1) and during courtship. However, crickets did not exhibit an increase in their haemolymph octopamine levels after performing an escape run. Therefore, neurohormonal octopamine shows some, but not all, of the characteristics that would be expected if it were a component of a non-specific \u2018arousal\u2019 system. Rather, octopamine may be released as a neurohormone to prepare the animal for a period of extended activity or to assist the animal in recovering from a period of increased energy demand. Antennal contact with conspecifics may provide a sensory cue that results in the release of octopamine into the haemolymph.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.198.8.1691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T03:53:43Z","timestamp":1619322823000},"page":"1691-1700","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":194,"title":["The Role of Neurohormonal Octopamine During \u2018Fight or Flight\u2019 Behaviour in the Field Cricket <i>Gryllus Bimaculatus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"198","author":[{"given":"S. A.","family":"Adamo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University 1 Section of Neurobiology and Behavior, S. G. Mudd Hall , , Ithaca, NY 14853-2702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. E.","family":"Linn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Department of Entomology, Agriculture Experimental Station, Geneva, NY 14456, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. R.","family":"Hoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University 1 Section of Neurobiology and Behavior, S. G. Mudd Hall , , Ithaca, NY 14853-2702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024031720461489400_JEXBIO_198_8_1691C1","article-title":"An examination of the concept of arousal within the context of the sexual behaviour of the snail, Helix aspersa","volume-title":"PhD thesis, Department of. 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