{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T22:46:44Z","timestamp":1776984404980,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":731,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["239135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["239135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["256199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["256199"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>To assess the efficacy of lumpfish grazing on attached sea lice on Atlantic salmon, six large-scale sea cages, (130\u2005m circumference, 37,688\u2005m3 volume) each stocked with approximately 200,000 salmon 0+ smolts, were stocked with a 4, 6 and 8% density (8000, 12,000 and 16,000, respectively) of lumpfish. The sea cages without lumpfish acted as controls. Sea lice infestation levels on the salmon were monitored weekly and bi-weekly from 6 October to 17 May the subsequent year. Mortality of the lumpfish rose with decreasing sea temperatures to around 0.8% week\u22121 and did not vary between the lumpfish groups. There were clear signs of lumpfish grazing on sea lice, with significantly lower average levels of chalimus, pre-adult and adult female Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus sea lice per salmon. Lumpfish in the high density (8%) group reduced the mature female L. salmonis to levels equal to or lower than the counts recorded prior to the start of the study. Overall, the present results indicate that lumpfish are a suitable cold-water option for biological delousing of Atlantic salmon in large-scale production conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.036301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]],"date-time":"2018-09-03T14:15:16Z","timestamp":1535984116000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["It works! Lumpfish can significantly lower sea lice infestation in large-scale salmon farming"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0077-8077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert Kjartan Dagbjartarson","family":"Imsland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Akvaplan-niva Iceland Office, Akralind 4, 201 K\u00f3pavogur, Iceland"},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Bergen, High Technology Centre, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Hanssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ler\u00f8y Aurora, Postbox\u00a02123, 9267 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ane Vigdisdatter","family":"Nytr\u00f8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akvaplan-niva, Framsenteret, 9296 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gildesk\u00e5l Forskningsstasjon (GIFAS) AS, Gildesk\u00e5l, 8140 Inndyr, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thor Magne","family":"Jonassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akvaplan-niva, Framsenteret, 9296 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thor Arne","family":"Hangstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akvaplan-niva, Framsenteret, 9296 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tor Anders","family":"Elveg\u00e5rd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nordlaks Oppdrett AS, Post box\u00a0224, 8455 Stokmarknes, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tonje Cecilie","family":"Urskog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grieg Seafood Finnmark AS, Markedsgata 3, Alta, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f8rn","family":"Mikalsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ler\u00f8y Aurora, Postbox\u00a02123, 9267 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3354\/aei00134","article-title":"Abundance and distribution of planktonic Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus in a fish farming region in the Faroe Islands","volume":"7","author":"\u00e1 Nor\u00f0i","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquac. Environm. Int."},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0426.2007.00839.x","article-title":"Note about the presence of the lumpsucker Cyclopterus lumpus (Teleostei, Cyclopteridae) in Galician waters (NW Spain)","volume":"24","author":"Ba\u00f1\u00f3n","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ichthyol."},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C3","first-page":"357","article-title":"Other fish species and fish communities","volume-title":"The Norwegian Sea ecosystem","author":"Bjelland","year":"2004"},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icesjms.2006.04.017","article-title":"A review of the biology and genetics of sea lice","volume":"63","author":"Boxaspen","year":"2006","journal-title":"ICES J. Sea Res."},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2011.0458","article-title":"Long-term cleaner fish presence affects growth of a coral reef fish","volume":"7","author":"Clague","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2008.01011.x","article-title":"The global economic cost of sea lice to the salmonid farming industry","volume":"32","author":"Costello","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2018.01.026","article-title":"The cleaning efficacy of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) in Faroese salmon (Salmo salar L.) farming pens in relation to lumpfish size and seasonality","volume":"488","author":"Eliasen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3354\/meps118051","article-title":"Relationship between cleaning rates and ectoparasite loads in coral reef fishes","volume":"118","author":"Grutter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73539","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073539","article-title":"The salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae) life cycle has only two chalimus stages","volume":"8","author":"Hamre","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C10","first-page":"75","article-title":"Distribution and migration of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the sea","volume-title":"THE ocean Life of Atlantic Salmon\u2014Environmental and Biological Factors Influencing Survival","author":"Hansen","year":"2000"},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-7836(93)90136-U","article-title":"Observations on the distribution of lumpsucker (Cyclopterus lumpus, L.) in the Norwegian Sea","volume":"17","author":"Holst","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fish. Res."},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C13","first-page":"441","article-title":"Growth rates, rations and cohort consumption of marine fish larvae in relation to prey concentrations","volume":"178","author":"Houde","year":"1981","journal-title":"Rapp. P.-v. R\u00e9un. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer."},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2013.12.033","article-title":"The use of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) to control sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Kr\u00f8yer) infestations in intensively farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)","volume":"425-426","author":"Imsland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10164-014-0397-1","article-title":"Notes on behaviour of lumpfish in sea pens with and without Atlantic salmon","volume":"32","author":"Imsland","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethol."},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2014.06.008","article-title":"Assessment of growth and sea lice infection levels in Atlantic salmon stocked in small-scale cages with lumpfish","volume":"433","author":"Imsland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2014.10.048","article-title":"Feeding preferences of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) maintained in open net-pens with Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)","volume":"436","author":"Imsland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-014-9840-0","article-title":"Assessment of suitable substrates for lumpfish in sea pens","volume":"23","author":"Imsland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2016.08.015","article-title":"Effects of lumpfish size on foraging behaviour and co-existence with sea lice infected Atlantic salmon in sea cages","volume":"465","author":"Imsland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-016-0008-y","article-title":"Investigation and quantification of behavioural interactions between lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) and Goldsinny (Ctenolabrus rupestris) under controlled conditions","volume":"24","author":"Imsland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1111\/are.13657","article-title":"Feeding behaviour and growth of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) fed with feed blocks","volume":"49","author":"Imsland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C22","author":"Iversen","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1006\/jmsc.2001.1084","article-title":"Feeding habits of wild and escaped farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L., in the Northeast Atlantic","volume":"58","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"ICES J. Sea Res."},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1139\/z91-138","article-title":"The developmental stages of Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kr\u00f8yer, 1837) (Copepoda: Caligidae)","volume":"69","author":"Johnson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-017-0194-2","article-title":"Population structure of lumpfish along the Norwegian coast: aquaculture implications","volume":"26","author":"J\u00f3nsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C26","volume-title":"Parasitic Copepoda of British fishes","author":"Kabata","year":"1979"},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1139\/f93-091","article-title":"Host response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to infection of sea lice (Caligus elongatus)","volume":"50","author":"Mackinnon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C28","author":"Marine Harvest","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2014.07.028","article-title":"The effect of temperature and fish size on growth of juvenile lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.)","volume":"434","author":"Nytr\u00f8","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2006.00702.x","article-title":"Host preference of adult Caligus elongatus Nordmann in the laboratory and its implications for Atlantic cod aquaculture","volume":"29","author":"\u00d8ines","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsu071","article-title":"Genetic structure of the lumpfish Cyclopterus lumpus across the North Atlantic","volume":"71","author":"Pampoulie","year":"2014","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1139\/z95-009","article-title":"Life cycle of sea louse, Caligus elongatus von Nordmann, 1832 (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida, Caligidae)","volume":"73","author":"Piasecki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12194","article-title":"Cleaner fish for sea-lice control in salmon farming: challenges and opportunities using lumpfish","volume":"10","author":"Powell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfas-2016-0050","article-title":"Salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) development times, body size, and reproductive outputs follow universal models of temperature dependence","volume":"73","author":"Samsing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fss052","article-title":"SALSEA North America: a pelagic ecosystem survey targeting Atlantic salmon in the Northwest Atlantic","volume":"69","author":"Sheedan","year":"2012","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Res."},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2013.03.032","article-title":"Delousing of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) by cultured vs. wild ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta)","volume":"402-403","author":"Skiftesvik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.509","article-title":"A review of potential pathogens of sea lice and the application of cleaner fish in biological control","volume":"58","author":"Treasurer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pest Managem. Sci."},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/07924259.1992.9672261","article-title":"Predicting infestation parameters and impacts of caligid copepods in wild and cultured fish populations","volume":"22","author":"Tully","year":"1992","journal-title":"Invertebr. Repr. Dev."},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0426.2003.00531.x","article-title":"First record of the lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus Linnaeus, 1758) off the Algarve coast (southern Portugal): southward extension of the species distributional range","volume":"20","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ichthyol."},{"key":"2021042423375957400_BIO036301C40","volume-title":"Biostatistical Analysis","author":"Zar","year":"1984","edition":"2nd edn"}],"container-title":["Biology Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1242\/bio.036301","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.logists.com\/bio\/bio\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/bio.036301\/1834558\/bio036301.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.logists.com\/bio\/bio\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/bio.036301\/1834558\/bio036301.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]],"date-time":"2021-04-24T23:38:22Z","timestamp":1619307502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/bio\/article\/7\/9\/bio036301\/1734\/It-works-Lumpfish-can-significantly-lower-sea-lice"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/bio.036301","relation":{},"ISSN":["2046-6390"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-6390","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]]},"article-number":"bio036301"}}