{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T01:35:54Z","timestamp":1792373754266,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Evidence is reviewed for the concept that the body employs essentially the same lubrication system in many sites in the body where tissues slide over each other with such ease. This system consists of fluid adjacent to surfaces coated with an oligolamellar lining of surface-active phospholipid (SAPL) acting as a back-up boundary lubricant wherever the fluid film fails to support the load\u2014a likely event at physiological velocities. Particular attention is paid to the load-bearing joints, where the issue of identifying the vital active ingredient in synovial fluid is reviewed, coming down\u2014perhaps predictably\u2014in favour of SAPL. It is also explained how Lubricin and hyaluronic acid (HA) could have \u2018carrier\u2019 functions for the highly insoluble SAPL, while HA has good wetting properties needed to promote hydrodynamic lubrication of a very hydrophobic articular surface by an aqueous fluid wherever the load permits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In addition to friction and wear, release is included as another major role of boundary lubricants, especially relevant in environments where proteins are found, many having adhesive properties. The discussion is extended to a mention of the lubrication of prosthetic implants and to disease states where a deficiency of boundary lubricant is implicated, particular attention being paid to osteoarthritis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1243\/0954411001535264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]],"date-time":"2002-10-01T19:24:52Z","timestamp":1033500292000},"page":"83-94","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":222,"title":["Boundary lubrication in vivo"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"214","author":[{"given":"B A","family":"Hills","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland and Mater Children's Hospital, Brisbane Department of Medicine Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0954411001535264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1648(62)90176-X"},{"key":"bibr2-0954411001535264","first-page":"80","volume-title":"In Paper Coating Additives","author":"Hern J. 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In Proceedings of IMechE Conference on Biomechanics, London, 1959, pp. 12\u201322."},{"key":"bibr11-0954411001535264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)56557-X"},{"key":"bibr12-0954411001535264","first-page":"65","volume":"99","author":"Balazs E. A.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cosmetics and Toiletries"},{"key":"bibr13-0954411001535264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.40.1.1"},{"key":"bibr14-0954411001535264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1972.52.1.57"},{"key":"bibr15-0954411001535264","first-page":"1326","volume-title":"Cardiac and Vascular Diseases","author":"Winters W. 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