{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T08:46:08Z","timestamp":1777884368142,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]],"date-time":"2001-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":978307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tests have been performed on animal models shortly post-mortem and on a healthy human subject in order to obtain estimates of the forces which act on suprapubic urinary catheters and similar devices and to develop an abdominal wall simulator. Such data and test methods are required for the systematic design of suprapubic devices because of the dual need to maintain the functionality of devices and to avoid excessive pressure on soft body tissue which could lead to ischaemia and in turn necrosis. In the post-mortem animal models, electrical excitation was applied to the abdominal wall in order to stimulate muscle activity. Two types of transducers were used: a soft membrane transducer (SMT) for pressure measurement and novel instrumented \u2018tongs\u2019 to determine indentation stiffness characteristics in the suprapubic track or artificial pathway created for a device. The SMT has been extensively used in the urethras and bladders of human subjects while the tongs were built speci. cally for these tests. Only the well-established SMT was used with the human subject; a peak pressure of 22 kPa was obtained. In the animal models the pressure profile given by the SMT had a peak whose position corresponded well with the estimated location of the rectus muscle measured on the fixed tissue section. The peak value was 5.5 kPa, comparable with values likely to cause necrosis if maintained for more than 1 day. Remarkably consistent indentation stiVness values wereobtained with the instrumented tongs; all values were close to 0.45 N\/mm (33 kPa\/mm).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1243\/0954411011533517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]],"date-time":"2002-10-01T19:24:52Z","timestamp":1033500292000},"page":"39-49","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Suprapubic track pressure and force-deformation measurements in a (live) human subject and in animal models post-mortem"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"215","author":[{"given":"V A","family":"Coveney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Gepi-Attee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Grover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Painter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0954411011533517","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.281.6250.1243"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr2-0954411011533517","first-page":"272","volume":"29","author":"Turnberg L.","year":"1995","journal-title":"R. 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