{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T08:46:09Z","timestamp":1777884369156,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]],"date-time":"2001-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":978307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Magnetic trackers are widely used position\/orientation measurement devices in interactive computer systems. These trackers output six-degree-of-freedom position and orientation of their receiver coordinates with respect to their transmitter coordinates. It is a potential solution for realtime position\/orientation measurement in an augmented reality system for therapy (ART). However, an obstruction to be overcome is that a magnetic tracker is vulnerable to measurement inaccuracy caused by magnetic field distortions (including ferric and non-ferric distortions) when it is used in metallic environments. The purpose of this paper is to discuss calibration methods used to compensate distortions produced by metallic objects which are moving during the measurement procedure, but fixed with a receiver. Past work on the calibration of magnetic trackers has concentrated on static distortions, which are produced by stationary metallic objects in the environment. Compared with static distortions, in this paper a relatively dynamic situation is considered where the distortion is not constant with time. However, the location of the metallic objects is reflected in the outputs of the receiver so that the distortion can be compensated. This type of distortions, which is called \u2018quasi-static distortion\u2019 in this paper, is common in an ART. Compensation of quasi-static distortion is more complicated than that of static distortion and has not been mentioned in past publications. Some new compensation methods for quasi-static distortion will be introduced here. The results demonstrate that the methods are capable of significantly reducing quasi-static distortions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1243\/0954411011533526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]],"date-time":"2002-10-01T19:24:52Z","timestamp":1033500292000},"page":"51-59","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Magnetic tracker calibration for an augmented reality system for therapy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"215","author":[{"given":"X","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K V","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W S","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0954411011533526","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curtis W. D., Janin A. L., Zikan K. A note on averaging rotation. In Proceedings of the Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium \u203293, 1993, pp. 377\u2013385.","DOI":"10.1109\/VRAIS.1993.380755"},{"key":"bibr2-0954411011533526","first-page":"532","volume-title":"Tele-operation and Virtual Environments","author":"Livingston M. A."},{"key":"bibr3-0954411011533526","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghazisaedy M., Adamczyk D., Sandin D. J., Kenyon R. V., Defanti T. A. Ultrasonic calibration of a magnetic tracker in a virtual reality space. In Proceedings of the IEEE Annual Virtual Reality International Symposium (VRAIS), Raleigh, North Carolina, 1995, pp. 179\u2013188.","DOI":"10.1109\/VRAIS.1995.512494"},{"key":"bibr4-0954411011533526","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryson S. Measurement and calibration of static distortion of position data from 3D trackers In Proceedings of SPIE Conference on Stereoscopic Displays and Applications III, 1992, Vol. 1669, pp. 244\u2013254.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.60417"},{"key":"bibr5-0954411011533526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(80)90020-2"},{"key":"bibr6-0954411011533526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.1979.308860"},{"key":"bibr7-0954411011533526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/0954411981534123"},{"key":"bibr8-0954411011533526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/51.677169"},{"key":"bibr9-0954411011533526","unstructured":"Ascension Technology Corporation. Correcting distorted position and orientation data using the curve fitting method. Technical Report, Ascension Technology Corporation, 1997."},{"key":"bibr10-0954411011533526","first-page":"181","volume":"38","author":"Franke R.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Math. Comput."},{"key":"bibr11-0954411011533526","unstructured":"Ascension Technology Corporation. The Flock of Birds: installation and operation guide. Manual, Ascension Technology Corporation, 1996."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1243\/0954411011533526","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1243\/0954411011533526","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T02:22:47Z","timestamp":1777602167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1243\/0954411011533526"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1243\/0954411011533526"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1243\/0954411011533526","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-4119","2041-3033"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-4119","type":"print"},{"value":"2041-3033","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]]}}}