{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T08:46:47Z","timestamp":1777884407199,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]],"date-time":"2002-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1017619200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study considers the subjective evaluation of ride quality during ambulance transportation using an actively-controlled stretcher (ACS). The ride quality of a conventional stretcher and an assistant driver's seat is also compared. Braking during ambulance transportation generates negative foot-to-head acceleration in patients and causes blood pressure to rise in the patient's head. The ACS absorbs the foot-to-head acceleration by changing the angle of the stretcher, thus reducing the blood pressure variation. However, the ride quality of the ACS should be investigated further because the movement of the ACS may cause motion sickness and nausea. Experiments of ambulance transportation, including rapid acceleration and deceleration, are performed to evaluate the effect of differences in posture of the transported subject on the ride quality; the semantic differential method and factor analysis are used in the investigations. Subjects are transported using a conventional stretcher with head forward, a conventional stretcher with head backward, the ACS, and an assistant driver's seat for comparison with transportation using a stretcher. Experimental results show that the ACS gives the most comfortable transportation when using a stretcher. Moreover, the reduction of the negative foot-to-head acceleration at frequencies below 0.2 Hz and the small variation of the foot-to-head acceleration result in more comfortable transportation. Conventional transportation with the head forward causes the worst transportation, although the characteristics of the vibration of the conventional stretcher seem to be superior to that of the ACS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1243\/09544110260138736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]],"date-time":"2002-10-01T19:24:52Z","timestamp":1033500292000},"page":"247-256","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Ride quality evaluation of an actively-controlled stretcher for an ambulance"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"216","author":[{"given":"K","family":"Sagawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hirosaki University Department of Science and Technology Aomori, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Inooka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tohoku University Graduate School of Information Sciences Miyagi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-09544110260138736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/0954411971534313"},{"key":"bibr2-09544110260138736","unstructured":"Sagawa K., Inooka H., Ino-Oka E. Development of an actively controlled stretcher for an ambulance. In Proceedings of the 5th UK Mechatronics Forum International Conference with the 3rd International Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice, 1996, Vol. 1, pp. 161\u2013166."},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr3-09544110260138736","first-page":"260","volume":"37","author":"Sagawa K.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Jap. J. Med. Electronics Biological Engng"},{"key":"bibr4-09544110260138736","unstructured":"Graybiel A., Wood C. D., Miller E. F., Cramer D. B. Diagnostic criteria for grading the severity of acute motion sickness. Aerospace Medicine, 1968, 453\u2013455."},{"key":"bibr5-09544110260138736","first-page":"399","volume":"48","author":"Vogel H.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"bibr6-09544110260138736","unstructured":"Bastow D. The human problem in relation to vehicle suspensions. J. Automot. Engng, 1975, 19\u201320."},{"key":"bibr7-09544110260138736","volume-title":"The Measurement of Meaning","author":"Osgood C. E.","year":"1957"},{"key":"bibr8-09544110260138736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140137508931448"},{"key":"bibr9-09544110260138736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3397\/1.599284"},{"key":"bibr10-09544110260138736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6032.405"},{"key":"bibr11-09544110260138736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5826.574"},{"key":"bibr12-09544110260138736","unstructured":"Blok S. Improvement of vibration isolation in transports by bearing flats. J. Soc. Environ. Engrs, 1973, 3\u20138."},{"key":"bibr13-09544110260138736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/0954407981525821"},{"key":"bibr14-09544110260138736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/0954407981525920"},{"key":"bibr15-09544110260138736","unstructured":"ISO 2631\/1. Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration, Part 1: General requirements. International Standard, 1985."},{"key":"bibr16-09544110260138736","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1299\/jsmec.42.838"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1243\/09544110260138736","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1243\/09544110260138736","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T02:24:17Z","timestamp":1777602257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1243\/09544110260138736"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1243\/09544110260138736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1243\/09544110260138736","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-4119","2041-3033"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-4119","type":"print"},{"value":"2041-3033","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]]}}}