{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T06:41:09Z","timestamp":1790491269137,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]],"date-time":"2006-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1138752000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The problems of osteolysis and late aseptic loosening associated with ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) particles has lead to a renewed interest in metal-on-metal prostheses. Wear particles generated by modern Co-Cr-on-Co-Cr prostheses are nanometre in size (range: 10-120 nm; mean: about 40 nm), an order of magnitude smaller than the size of UHMWPE known to be critical for activation of osteolytic cytokines by macrophages. Co-Cr wear particles will induce osteolytic cytokine production by human macrophages, but only at high volumetric concentrations. Unlike UHMWPE, Co-Cr particles are not inert. Co-Cr particles have the potential to release metal ions; they may be toxic to cells, induce deoxyribonucleic acid damage or cause host hypersensitivity. The nanometre size range of Co-Cr wear particles means that they may be disseminated widely in the body.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The potential for metal-on-metal bearings to induce adverse effects clinically will be dependent upon the rate of wear. What constitutes a safe wear rate for modern metal-on-metal bearings is unknown. However, the wear of metal-on-metal prostheses is critically dependent upon the design and, in particular, the carbon content of the alloy, the radial clearance, and the head diameter. Thus, the potential for adverse biological reactions associated with metal-on-metal bearings can be reduced by selection of appropriately designed implants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1243\/095441105x63291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,16]],"date-time":"2007-10-16T10:00:50Z","timestamp":1192528850000},"page":"355-369","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Biological effects of clinically relevant wear particles from metal-on-metal hip prostheses"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"220","author":[{"given":"C","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Ingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199608001-00006"},{"key":"bibr2-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199608001-00027"},{"key":"bibr3-095441105X63291","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Metasul: A Metal-on-metal Bearing","author":"Fisher J.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr4-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199608001-00003"},{"key":"bibr5-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/STP12836S"},{"key":"bibr6-095441105X63291","first-page":"54","volume":"311","author":"M\u00fcller M. E.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res."},{"key":"bibr7-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.04.035"},{"key":"bibr8-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/0954411001535219"},{"key":"bibr9-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199072040-00008"},{"key":"bibr10-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/0954411971534304"},{"key":"bibr11-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008901302646"},{"key":"bibr12-095441105X63291","first-page":"189","volume":"12","author":"Bell J.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater. Engng"},{"key":"bibr13-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(200009)53:5<490::AID-JBM7>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"bibr14-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(200011)52:2<296::AID-JBM8>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"bibr15-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(98)00140-9"},{"key":"bibr16-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00089-2"},{"key":"bibr17-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199608001-00004"},{"key":"bibr18-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.81B1.9047"},{"key":"bibr19-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/0954411001535381"},{"key":"bibr20-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(20010605)55:3<320::AID-JBM1020>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"bibr21-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(20010605)55:3<330::AID-JBM1021>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"bibr22-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.74B3.1587882"},{"key":"bibr23-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.76B5.8083255"},{"key":"bibr24-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199608001-00016"},{"key":"bibr25-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199608001-00017"},{"key":"bibr26-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199705000-00029"},{"key":"bibr27-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199608001-00018"},{"key":"bibr28-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199810)42:1<103::AID-JBM13>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"bibr29-095441105X63291","first-page":"143","volume":"11","author":"Firkins P.J.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater. Engng"},{"key":"bibr30-095441105X63291","unstructured":"Brown C., Tipper J. L., Fisher J., Ingham E. Use of high resolution microscopy to characterise wear debris produced by metal-on-metal hip simulation. In 50th Annual Meeting, Orthopaedic Research Society, San Francisco, California, 7\u201310 March 2004, paper 1512."},{"key":"bibr31-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30132"},{"key":"bibr32-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(19991215)47:4<543::AID-JBM11>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"bibr33-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.85B5.13729"},{"key":"bibr34-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.57B4.444"},{"key":"bibr35-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1983.34"},{"key":"bibr36-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(94)90170-8"},{"key":"bibr37-095441105X63291","unstructured":"Mostardi R. A., Meerbaum S. O., Kovacik M. W., Gradisar I. A. Cell culture response of synovial fibroblasts to prosthetic metal particles. In Proceedings of the Fifth World Biomaterials Congress, Toronto, Canada, 28 May-2 June 1996, p. 855."},{"key":"bibr38-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199606)31:2<183::AID-JBM4>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"bibr39-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00360-5"},{"key":"bibr40-095441105X63291","first-page":"145","volume":"14","author":"Hu X. Q.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater. Engng"},{"key":"bibr41-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin Z. M., Medley J. B., Dowson D. Fluid film lubrication in artificial hip joints. In Proceedings of the 29th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology, Leeds, 3\u20136 September 2003, pp. 237\u2013256 (Elsevier, Amsterdam).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8922(03)80136-0"},{"key":"bibr42-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199608001-00005"},{"key":"bibr43-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200105000-00020"},{"key":"bibr44-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2004.02.039"},{"key":"bibr45-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-5403(08)80093-9"},{"key":"bibr46-095441105X63291","first-page":"167","volume-title":"World Tribology Forum in Arthroplasty","author":"Campbell P. A.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr47-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00351-4"},{"key":"bibr48-095441105X63291","unstructured":"Bendall S. P., Radfar A. J., Jinnah R. H., Hungerford D. S. Metallic wear debris from periprosthetic tissue of failed arthroplasty induces TNF-\u03b1 and IL-l\u03b1 release from synoviocytes. In Proceedings of the Fifth World Biomaterials Congress, Toronto, Canada, 28 May-2 June 1996, p. 546."},{"key":"bibr49-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(19980905)41:3<468::AID-JBM17>3.0.CO;2-E"},{"key":"bibr50-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00181-2"},{"key":"bibr51-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-5890(99)00127-3"},{"key":"bibr52-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000096810.78689.62","volume":"417","author":"Jacobs J. J.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res."},{"key":"bibr53-095441105X63291","first-page":"94","volume":"319","author":"Jacobs J. J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res."},{"key":"bibr54-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199605000-00009"},{"key":"bibr55-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.3.1926"},{"key":"bibr56-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200103000-00017"},{"key":"bibr57-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(20000305)49:3<353::AID-JBM8>3.0.CO;2-T"},{"key":"bibr58-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5993.374"},{"key":"bibr59-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2003.480108_4.x"},{"key":"bibr60-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.05404.x"},{"key":"bibr61-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(03)00186-4"},{"key":"bibr62-095441105X63291","unstructured":"Willert H.G., Buchhorn G. H., Fayyazi A. Hypersensitivity around metal\/metal hips? In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Metal-Metal Hip Prostheses: Past Performance and Future Directions, Montreal, Canada, 2003."},{"key":"bibr63-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200501000-00006"},{"key":"bibr64-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200501000-00005"},{"key":"bibr65-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.58.10.619"},{"key":"bibr66-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0111319"},{"key":"bibr67-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02772248709357191"},{"key":"bibr68-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015975218920"},{"key":"bibr69-095441105X63291","first-page":"1307","volume":"5","author":"Singh J.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"bibr70-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/55.1.60"},{"key":"bibr71-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2744(200006)28:2<111::AID-MC7>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"bibr72-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017958028256"},{"key":"bibr73-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/21.11.2027"},{"key":"bibr74-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/21.4.533"},{"key":"bibr75-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.70B4.3403594"},{"key":"bibr76-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199608001-00025"},{"key":"bibr77-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199608001-00024"},{"key":"bibr78-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200004000-00002"},{"key":"bibr79-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.83B7.10102"},{"key":"bibr80-095441105X63291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.10070"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1243\/095441105X63291","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1243\/095441105X63291","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T02:26:32Z","timestamp":1777602392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1243\/095441105X63291"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1243\/095441105X63291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1243\/095441105x63291","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-4119","2041-3033"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-4119","type":"print"},{"value":"2041-3033","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]]}}}