{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T08:49:16Z","timestamp":1777884556185,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]],"date-time":"2006-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1154390400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study a MADYMO\u00ae (mathematical dynamic modelling) model has been used to identify the influence of leg fracture on the injuries sustained by the pedestrian during front end impact with a vehicle. A factorial study of a MADYMO\u00ae pedestrian and vehicle model are used to investigate the effect of different leg fracture tolerances, geometry, and vehicle compliance on the criteria measured in the European Enhanced Vehicle-safety Committee (EEVC) pedestrian safety tests. These criteria include knee bending, knee shear response, and lower leg bone (tibia) acceleration. The main study examines the spread of typical values of lower limb tolerance based on reported literature and contrasts the response of weaker, low-strength bones, normal tolerance, and limbs which do not fracture. Results show that knee bending angles and therefore ligament strains are significantly increased when fracture does not occur, and are decreased in bones exhibiting a low-strength response. Bone fracture tolerance is shown to be a significant parameter influencing knee bending. The parameters are compared to show that knee shear is significantly influenced by vehicle bumper compliance and that both criteria are heavily influenced by bumper height. Vehicles with more aggressive geometry, higher bumpers, and larger bumper lead were considered for comparative purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1243\/09544119h00905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,27]],"date-time":"2006-12-27T15:04:09Z","timestamp":1167231849000},"page":"857-869","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The effect of leg fracture level and vehicle front-end geometry on pedestrian knee injury and response"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"220","author":[{"given":"M C","family":"Dunmore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Materials, & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Materials, & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N J","family":"Madeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital of Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D S","family":"McNally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Materials, & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-09544119H00905","unstructured":"Directive 2003\/102\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 November 2003 relating to the protection of pedestrians and other vulnerable road users before and in the event of a collision with a motor vehicle and amending Council Directive 70\/156\/EEC. Official J. Eur. Union, 2003, 46, L 321."},{"key":"bibr2-09544119H00905","unstructured":"European Enhanced Vehicle-safety Committee Working Group 17 (EEVC WG17). Improved test methods to evaluate pedestrian protection afforded by passenger cars (December 1998 with September 2002 updates), 2003. http:\/\/eevc.org\/publicdocs\/WG17_Improved_test_methods_updated_sept_2002.pdf"},{"key":"bibr3-09544119H00905","unstructured":"Mizuno Y. Summary of IHRA Pedestrian Safety WG activities (2003) - proposed test methods to evaluate pedestrian protection afforded by passenger cars. In Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), Nagoya, Japan, 2003."},{"key":"bibr4-09544119H00905","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1533\/cras.1997.0049"},{"key":"bibr5-09544119H00905","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.03.005"},{"key":"bibr6-09544119H00905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bunketorp O., Hansson T., Aldman B., Thorngren L., Eppinger R. H. Experimental study of a compliant bumper. In Proceedings of the 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference, San Diego, California, SAE paper 831623, 1983.","DOI":"10.4271\/831623"},{"key":"bibr7-09544119H00905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konosu A., Tanahashi M. Development of a biofidelic pedestrian legform impactor - introduction of JAMA-JARI legform impactor Ver. 2002. 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SAE paper 2005\u201301-1875, 2005.","DOI":"10.4271\/2005-01-1875"},{"key":"bibr14-09544119H00905","volume-title":"Gait analysis an introduction","author":"Whittle M. W."},{"key":"bibr15-09544119H00905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kramer M., Burrow K., Heger A. Fracture mechanism of lower legs under impact load. In Proceedings of 17th Stapp Car Conference, SAE report 730966, 1973.","DOI":"10.4271\/730966"},{"key":"bibr16-09544119H00905","unstructured":"Kress T. A., Snider J. N., Paihogios J. P., Wasserman J. F., Heck W. L., Frick S. J., Fuller P. M., Porta D. J. Fracture patterns of human cadaver long bones. In Proceedings of the International Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts (IRCOBI), Brunnen, Switzerland, 1995."},{"key":"bibr17-09544119H00905","volume-title":"Biomechanics of impact injury and injury tolerances of the extremities","author":"Nyquist G. 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