{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T08:49:29Z","timestamp":1777884569216,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]],"date-time":"2007-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1172707200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of an impulse-momentum (IM) exercise technique was investigated for end-stage shoulder rehabilitation. The objectives of this study were to: (a) quantify the net shoulder joint forces and moments while using an IM system and (b) test the influence of gender and muscle loading type (concentric or eccentric) on kinetic and kinematic parameters. Fourteen healthy adults (eight males, six females) performed a repeated measures experiment on an instrumented device utilizing a cabled shuttle system. While maintaining 90\u00b0 of shoulder abduction and 90\u00b0 of elbow flexion, the subjects externally rotated their upper arm from 0\u00b0 to 90\u00b0 (concentric acceleration) and then internally rotated their upper arm back from 90\u00b0 to the 0\u00b0 position (eccentric deceleration). Shoulder joint forces and moments as well as rotational work and power were calculated using inverse dynamics (free-body forces and moments calculated at intersegmental joint centres). Overall concentric peak forces and moments were greater than eccentric peak forces and moments ( P &lt; 0.0001). Joint forces and moments reached a maximum during the initial phase of concentric loading (0\u00b0 to 45\u00b0) compared with any other rotational position in the loading cycle (concentric 45\u00b0 to 90\u00b0 or eccentric 90\u00b0 to 0\u00b0). The results also indicate that males experienced higher ( P &lt; 0.0001) average resultant peak joint forces (concentric 0\u00b0 to 45\u00b0=108.0 N and eccentric 90\u00b0 to 45\u00b0=87.2 N) than females (concentric 0\u00b0 to 45\u00b0=74.7 N and eccentric 45\u00b0 to 0\u00b0=56.0 N). In addition, males experienced higher ( P &lt; 0.0001) average resultant peak joint moments (concentric 0\u00b0 to 45\u00b0=30.4 N m and eccentric 45\u00b0 to 0\u00b0=21.0 N m) than females (concentric 0\u00b0 to 45\u00b0=19.7 N m and eccentric 45\u00b0 to 0\u00b0=12.8 N m).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1243\/09544119jeim140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,25]],"date-time":"2007-04-25T12:39:21Z","timestamp":1177504761000},"page":"237-249","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Concentric and eccentric shoulder rehabilitation biomechanics"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"221","author":[{"given":"S S","family":"Kohles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kohles Bioengineering, Portland, Oregon, USA"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K N","family":"Gregorczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Army, Soldier Systems Center, Natick, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T C","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L T","family":"Brody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J F","family":"Orwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"R","family":"Vanderby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"bibr1-09544119JEIM140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199008000-00005","volume":"30","author":"Kibler W. 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