{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T08:50:35Z","timestamp":1777884635308,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]],"date-time":"2008-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1212278400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Current validation tests of total hip arthroplasty endo-prostheses capture only a single activity performed by patients: continuous walking. A more representative test that includes transitions from a static loaded position to dynamic motion would simulate common motions by patients in which they change from standing to walking. The introduction of such transitions into a traditional test protocol could provide insight into actual wear behaviours and more realistic wear particle properties such as size and shape. First, the introduction of transitions will increase the measured wear rate. Second, the amount of wear will be positively correlated to the number of transitions per day. Finally, the size and shape of polyethylene particle produced via testing with transitions will differ from those of a conventional continuous walking test. Three identical sets of four cobalt chromium femoral heads and sterilized acetabular cups sterilized in ethylene oxide were tested in 30 per cent bovine serum under three conditions: continuous walking (0 transitions\/day), 10 transitions\/day, and 100 transitions\/day. A day was defined as 2500 steps. The static and peak dynamic loads were 260 N and 1.9 kN respectively. A testing duration of 10\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    cycles was completed for each of the three tests. The wear rate was found to be inversely related to the number of transitions. Particle analysis showed that the particle size decreased as the number of transitions increased. Particles from the 100 transitions\/day test were more fibular and produced more particles of the size known to promote an immune reactive response. Contrary to our hypothesis, as the number of transitions performed by patients increased, the wear rate and accumulated wear decreased. In addition, as the number of transitions increased, a larger percentage of wear particles were in the submicron size range. Consequently, despite a decrease in wear due to the presence of loading profile transitions, there is a potentially greater risk of osteolysis owing to the increased production of immunoreactive particles.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1243\/09544119jeim358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,10]],"date-time":"2008-09-10T21:11:14Z","timestamp":1221081074000},"page":"865-875","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Alteration of the amount and morphology of wear particles by the addition of loading profile transitions during artificial hip wear testing"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"222","author":[{"given":"J P","family":"Shorez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kettering University, Flint, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T S","family":"Harding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P J","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kettering University, Flint, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, McLaren Regional Medical Center, Flint, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324481"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","unstructured":"Frankowski J. J. Watkins-Castillo S. Primary total knee and hip arthroplasty projections for the U.S. population to the year 2030 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2002 accessed 6 June 2007 available from www.aaos.org\/research\/documents."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","unstructured":"Osteoarthritis of the hip: A compendium of evidence-based information and resources American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons October 2003 accessed 15 June 2006 available from www.aaos.org\/Research\/documents\/oainfo_hip.asp#toc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000150126.73024.42"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"213","volume-title":"Orthopaedic biomaterials in research and practice","author":"Black J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Black J. Orthopaedic biomaterials in research and practice, 1988, p. 213 (Churchill Livingstone, New York)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/BME-1994-4402"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","volume-title":"Implants for surgery - wear of total hip-joint prostheses. Part 1: Loading and displacement parameters for wear-testing machines and corresponding environmental conditions for test","year":"2007","unstructured":"ISO\/FDIS 14242-1:2001(E). Implants for surgery - wear of total hip-joint prostheses. Part 1: Loading and displacement parameters for wear-testing machines and corresponding environmental conditions for test, 2007 (International Standardization Organization, Geneva)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-005-0896-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","volume-title":"In Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society","author":"Ezzet K. A.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ezzet K. A., Hermida J. C., Steklov N., Colwell C.Jr., D'Lima D. Wear of polyethylene against metal-ceramic composite femoral component: Effect of aggressive kinematic conditions. In Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2006, paper 0652 (Orthopaedic Research Society, Rosemont, Illinois)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/09544110360579367"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.20033"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200302000-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00035-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00040-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3108435"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198307000-00022","article-title":"Survival of patients and prostheses after total hip arthroplasty","volume":"177","author":"Surin V.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Surin V., Sundholm K. Survival of patients and prostheses after total hip arthroplasty. Clin. Orthop. Related Res., 1983, 177, 148\u2013153.","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Related Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(200108)56:2<245::AID-JBM1091>3.0.CO;2-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","volume-title":"Annual book of ASTM standards","year":"1999","unstructured":"ASTM F1877\u201398. Standard practice for characterization of particles. In Annual book of ASTM standards, vol. 14.02, 1999 (ASTM Inc., West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/0954411001535219"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/0954411001535228"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199608000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200012000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JAI14178"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1995.070580507"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(2001)58:2<196::AID-JBM1007>3.0.CO;2-R"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1243\/09544119JEIM358","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1243\/09544119JEIM358","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T02:32:21Z","timestamp":1777602741000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1243\/09544119JEIM358"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1243\/09544119JEIM358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1243\/09544119jeim358","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-4119","2041-3033"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-4119","type":"print"},{"value":"2041-3033","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]}}}