{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T18:55:06Z","timestamp":1792349706784,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,22]],"date-time":"2009-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1242950400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a method of applying low-level electrical currents to restore or improve body functions lost through nervous system impairment. FES is applied to peripheral nerves that control specific muscles or muscle groups. Application of advanced signal computing techniques to the medical field has helped to achieve practical solutions to the health care problems accurately. The physiological signals are essentially non-stationary and may contain indicators of current disease, or even warnings about impending diseases. These indicators may be present at all times or may occur at random on the timescale. However, to study and pinpoint these subtle changes in the voluminous data collected over several hours is tedious. These signals, e.g. walking-related accelerometer signals, are not simply linear and involve non-linear contributions. Hence, non-linear signal-processing methods may be useful to extract the hidden complexities of the signal and to aid physicians in their diagnosis. In this work, a young female subject with major neuromuscular dysfunction of the left lower limb, which resulted in an asymmetric hemiplegic gait, participated in a series of FES-assisted walking experiments. Two three-axis accelerometers were attached to her left and right ankles and their corresponding signals were recorded during FES-assisted walking. The accelerometer signals were studied in three directions using the Hurst exponent H, the fractal dimension (FD), the phase space plot, and recurrence plots (RPs). The results showed that the H and FD values increase with increasing FES, indicating more synchronized variability due to FES for the left leg (paralysed leg). However, the variation in the normal right leg is more chaotic on FES.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1243\/09544119jeim535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,22]],"date-time":"2009-05-22T21:03:08Z","timestamp":1243026188000},"page":"653-662","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Non-linear analysis of body responses to functional electrical stimulation on hemiplegic subjects"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"223","author":[{"given":"W-W","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U R","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechinc, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T-C","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, SIM University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H W","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, SIM University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-09544119JEIM535","unstructured":"Peckham P. H., Knutson J. S. \u2018Functional electrical stimulation for neuromuscular applications.\u2019 Paralysis Res. 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