{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:22:39Z","timestamp":1790518959665,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,25]],"date-time":"2009-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1253836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc Inst Mech Eng H"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study uses computer simulations to study the impact of a motorcycle with the conventional w-beam guardrail. A three-dimensional computer simulation of a scaled hybrid III 50th-percentile male dummy mounted on a motorcycle and colliding with a w-beam guardrail is carried out. A multi-body model of the motorcycle and finite element model of the guardrail are developed using commercially available software. The simulation model is validated with a physical crash test conducted with same initial impact configurations. Impacts at speeds of 32, 48, and 60 km\/h at an impact angle at 45\u00b0 are considered. The predicted forces and accelerations are compared with the biomechanical limits for each body part and the risk of injury to the rider are evaluated. Speed was found to have a significant influence on the level of injury to the head, neck, chest, and femur. A significant reduction of the severity of injuries was found when the impact speed was reduced from 60 to 32 km\/h. The accelerations experienced by the head and chest are found to be higher than safe levels for impact speeds of 48 and 60 km\/h. The biomechanical limit for the right femur is exceeded at all three considered impact speeds. Neck injuries are also a concern, with the predicted tension values and neck bending extent being higher than the biomechanical limit for the 60 km\/h impact speed. In light of these results, it is suggested that the design of guardrails should be reviewed with a focus on the safety of motorcyclists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1243\/09544119jeim560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,25]],"date-time":"2009-09-25T21:04:31Z","timestamp":1253912671000},"page":"1033-1040","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Simulation of motorcycle crashes with w-beam guardrail: Injury patterns and analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"223","author":[{"given":"A B","family":"Ibitoye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Road Dafety Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A M S","family":"Hamouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Road Dafety Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S V","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaysia Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS), Ministry of Transportation, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R S Radin","family":"Umar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaysia Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS), Ministry of Transportation, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-09544119JEIM560","unstructured":"\u2018American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.\u2019 Road design guide 1989."},{"key":"bibr2-09544119JEIM560","unstructured":"NCHRP 350: 1993.\n                      Recommended procedure for safety performance evaluation of highway features"},{"key":"bibr3-09544119JEIM560","unstructured":"Cunningham J. A. \u2018Road-side hazard management.\u2019 Workshop on Road Safety Audit, Monash University 14-16 April 1993."},{"key":"bibr4-09544119JEIM560","unstructured":"Federation of European Motorcyclists Association, Final report of the motorcyclists and crash barriers project 2000."},{"key":"bibr5-09544119JEIM560","first-page":"1","volume":"94","author":"Gowan R.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Safe Roads"},{"key":"bibr6-09544119JEIM560","unstructured":"Haworth N., Smith R., Brumen I., Pronk N. \u2018Case-control study of motorcycle crashes, report no. 174.\u2019 Monash University Accident Research Centre 1997."},{"key":"bibr7-09544119JEIM560","unstructured":"Koch H., Schueler F. \u2018Reduction of injury severity involving guardrails by the use of additional w-beams, impact attenuators and sigma posts as a contribution to the passive safety of motorcyclists.\u2019 In Proceedings of the 11th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Washington DC, pp. 878\u2013883."},{"key":"bibr8-09544119JEIM560","first-page":"23","volume":"341","author":"Quincy R.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Circular: Int. Roadside Safety Hardw. 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Y., Mannering F. \u2018Analysis of injury severity and vehicle occupancy in truck- and non-truck-involved accidents.\u2019 Accident Analy. Prevent. (1999), 31 (5), 579\u2013592","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(99)00014-7"},{"key":"bibr15-09544119JEIM560","unstructured":"T. Gibson, E. Benetatos, Motorcycles and crash barrier, the NSW Motorcycle Council report 2000."},{"key":"bibr16-09544119JEIM560","unstructured":"Ouellet J. \u2018Environmental hazards in motorcycle accidents.\u2019 In Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, Ottawa, Canada, 1982."},{"key":"bibr17-09544119JEIM560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domhan M. \u2018Crash barriers and passive safety for motorcyclists.\u2019 SAE technical paper 870242 1987.","DOI":"10.4271\/870242"},{"key":"bibr18-09544119JEIM560","unstructured":"Hell W., Lob G. \u2018Typical injury patterns of motorcyclists in different crash types \u2014 effectiveness and improvements of countermeasures.\u2019 In Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, San Antonio, Texas, 4\u20136 November 1993, pp. 77\u201386."},{"key":"bibr19-09544119JEIM560","unstructured":"\u2018European Experimental Vehicles Committee.\u2019 Report on motorcycle safety 1993, pp. 45\u201359."},{"key":"bibr20-09544119JEIM560","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(94)00041-J"},{"key":"bibr21-09544119JEIM560","unstructured":"ISO 13232: 2006. Motorcycles \u2014 test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider protective devices fitted to motorcycles."},{"key":"bibr22-09544119JEIM560","unstructured":"Madymo reference manual, Crash-Safety Research Centre, Delft, The Netherlands 2004."},{"key":"bibr23-09544119JEIM560","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(84)90035-6"},{"key":"bibr24-09544119JEIM560","unstructured":"Fildes B. N., Vulcan A. P. \u2018Crash performance and occupant safety in passenger cars involved in side impacts.\u2019 In Proceedings of the International I.R.C.O.B.I. Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, Lyon, France, pp. 121\u2013140."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1243\/09544119JEIM560","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1243\/09544119JEIM560","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T02:34:20Z","timestamp":1777602860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1243\/09544119JEIM560"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,25]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1243\/09544119JEIM560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1243\/09544119jeim560","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-4119","2041-3033"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-4119","type":"print"},{"value":"2041-3033","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,25]]}}}