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Previous findings suggest that\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      is linked to tumor suppression in mouse models of melanoma. Additionally, when combined with the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody, it can enhance anti-tumor treatment by increasing tumor-specific T-cell responses and promoting infiltration of antigen-specific T cells into tumors. However, there is a lack of studies on\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). This study aimed to investigate the potential impact of\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      on this cancer type.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We examined 213 samples from ESCC patients who underwent tumor resection. The presence of\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      was confirmed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Patient overall survival (OS) was analyzed with\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      positivity. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were evaluated via hematoxylin and eosin stains, and immunohistochemistry was used to assess programmed death-1 (PD-1), PD-L1, cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8), and forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) expression. Nutritional status was evaluated via computed tomography scans.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      positivity showed no correlation with patient OS or TIL levels; however,\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      positivity in normal tissue was associated with lower FOXP3 levels, suggesting a potential role in upregulating anti-tumor immune responses. Patients with\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      present in peritumor normal tissue exhibited better skeletal muscle area and volume. Conversely,\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      positivity in tumor tissue was associated with poorer prognostic nutrition index values, likely due to decreased albumin levels.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      can induce the upregulated anti-tumor immune response and is more prevalent in cases with good nutritional status.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-024-16288-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T08:59:22Z","timestamp":1741078762000},"page":"3828-3838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Relationship Between Gut Microbiome Bifidobacterium and Anti-tumor Immune Responses in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1245","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Haolin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshifumi","family":"Baba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tasuku","family":"Toihata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Kosumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuto","family":"Harada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Iwatsuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideo","family":"Baba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"16288_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","volume":"68","author":"F Bray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. 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