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Yoon has no conflicts of interest to declare. Merrick I. Ross has received consulting fees from, support for travel from, and participated on advisory boards for Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. Brian R. Gastman conducted an investigator-initiated trial unrelated to this work and has received honorarium from and participated in an advisory board meeting for Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. Jason J. Luke has received grants or contracts from AbbVie, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Corvus, Day One, EMD Serono, Fstar, Genmab, Ikena, Immatics, Incyte, Kadmon, KAHR, Macrogenics, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, Moderna, Nektar, Next Cure, Numab, Palleon, Pfizer, Replimmune, Rubius, Servier, Scholar Rock, Synlogic, Takeda, Trishula, Tizona, and Xencor; consulting fees from 7 Hills, Bright Peak, Exo, Fstar, Inzen, RefleXion, Xilio, Actym, Alphamab Oncology, Arch Oncology, Duke Street Bio, Kanaph, Mavu, NeoTx, Onc.AI, OncoNano, Pyxis, Saros, Stipe, Tempest, AbbVie, Alnylam, Atomwise, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Castle, Checkmate, Codiak, Crown, Cugene, Curadev, Day One, Eisai, EMD Serono, Endeavor, Flame, G1 Therapeutics, Genentech, Gilead, Glenmark, HotSpot, Kadmon, KSQ, Janssen, Ikena, Inzen, Immatics, Immunocore, Incyte, Instil, IO Biotech, Macrogenics, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, Mersana, Nektar, Novartis, Partner, Pfizer, Pioneering Medicines, PsiOxus, Regeneron, Ribon, Roivant, Servier, STINGthera, Synlogic, and Synthekine; has the following patents (both provisional): Serial #15\/612,657 (Cancer Immunotherapy) and PCT\/US18\/36052 (Microbiome Biomarkers for Anti-PD-1\/PD-L1 Responsiveness: Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Uses Thereof); participated on a data monitoring committee or advisory board for AbbVie, Immutep, Evaxion; had a leadership role in the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer; and has stock ownership in Actym, Alphamab Oncology, Arch Oncology, Duke Street Bio, Kanaph, Mavu, NeoTx, Onc.AI, OncoNano, Pyxis, Saros, Stipe, and Tempest. Paolo A. Ascierto has received grants from or contracts with Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche-Genentech, Pfizer\/Array, and Sanofi; has received consulting fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche-Genentech, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Merck Serono, Pierre Fabre, AstraZeneca, Sun Pharma, Sanofi, Sandoz, Immunocore, Italfarmaco, Nektar, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Eisai, Regeneron, Daiichi Sankyo, Pfizer, Oncosec, Nouscom, Lunaphore, Seagen, iTeos, Medicenna, Bio-Al Health, ValoTX, Replimmune, Bayer, and Erasca; has received honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche-Genentech, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Merck Serono, Pierre Fabre, AstraZeneca, Sun Pharma, Sanofi, Sandoz, Immunocore, Italfarmaco, and Pfizer; has received support for attending meetings from Pfizer, Bio-AI Health, and RepImmune; and has participated on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche-Genentech, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Merck Serono, Pierre Fabre, AstraZeneca, Sun Pharma, Sanofi, Sandoz, Immunocore, Italfarmaco, Nektar, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Eisai, Regeneron, Daiichi Sankyo, Pfizer, Oncosec, Nouscom, Lunaphore, Seagen, iTeos, Medicenna, Bio-Al Health, ValoTX, Replimmune, Bayer, and Erasca. Georgina V. Long is consultant advisor for Agenus, Amgen, Array Biopharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BioNTech, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Evaxion, GI Innovation, Hexal AG (Sandoz Company), Highlight Therapeutics S.L., Immunocore, Innovent Biologics USA, IOBiotech, Iovance Biotherapeutics, MSD, Novartis, PHMR Ltd, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron, Scancell, SkylineDX B.V. Piotr Rutkowski has received consulting fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Philogen, Pfizer, Genesis, and Madison Pharma; has received honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, and BMS; has received support for attending meetings and\/or for travel from Orphan Europe and Pierre Fabre; and has received research funding (Inst) from Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and Bristol Myers Squibb. Muhammad Khattak has received honoraria from and participated on an advisory board meeting for Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. Michele Del Vecchio has received consulting fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Immunocore, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, Novartis, and Pierre Fabre, and has received honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb, Pierre Fabre, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, Immunocore, and Novartis. Lius de la Cruz Merino has received consulting fees from BMS, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, Roche, AstraZeneca, and Gilead; has received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, and BMS; and has received support for attending meetings and\/or for travel from Gilead. Jacek Mackiewicz has received honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, Pierre Fabre, and Novartis; has participated on advisory boards for Bristol Myers Squibb, and Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA; and has received travel grants from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, Pierre Fabre, and Novartis. Vanna Chiarion-Sileni has received honoraria from Immunocore, support for attending meetings and\/or travel from Pierre Fabre and Sanofi, and has participated on a data monitoring committee for Pierre Fabre and Merck Sharp & Dohme. Dirk Schadendorf has received grants or contract (Inst) from BMS, Amgen, and Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA; has received consulting fees from Anaveaon, Agenus, BMS, Novartis, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, Merck-Serono, Sanofi, Regenereon, Pierre Fabre, Pfizer, 4SC, InFlarX, Seagen, Replimune, Sunpharma, Philogen, Neracare, BioAlta, Daiichi Sanyo, AstraZeneca, Immatics, PamGene, BioNTech, CureVac, Ersaca, Formycon, NoviGenix, Haystack, IOBioTech, Immunocore, Nektar, and OncoSec; has received honoraria from BMS, Novartis, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, Merck-Serono, Sanofi, Pierre Fabre, Pfizer, and Sun Pharma; has participated on advisory boards for BioAlta, 4SC, InFlarX, Daiichi Sanyo, AstraZeneca, and Immunocore; and has a leadership role in Dermatologic Cooperative Group (DeCOG), EuMelaREg, NVKH, and Hiege-Stiftung. Matteo S. Carlino has received consulting fees from Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, Ideaya, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, Nektar, Novartis, Oncosec, Pierre Fabre, Qbiotics, Regeneron, Roche, and Sanofi; and honoraria from BMS and Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. Yujie Zhao, Mizuho Fukunaga-Kalabis, and Clemens Krepler are employees of Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, and own stock in Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. Alexander M.M. Eggermont has received support for the present manuscript from Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA; has received consulting fees from Agenus, Boehringer Ingelheim, BioInvent, BioNTech, Brenus, CatalYm, Eurobio, Galecto, GenOway, ImCheck, IO Biotech, Ipsen, IQVIA, ISA Pharmeuticals, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Scancell, Scorpion, TigaTx, and Trained Immunity Discovery; has received honoraria from Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, and BMS; has participated on advisory boards for Agenus, Boehringer Ingelheim, BioInvent, BioNTech, Brenus, CatalYm, Eurobio, Galecto, GenOway, ImCheck, IO Biotech, Ipsen, IQVIA, ISA Pharmeuticals, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Scancell, Scorpion, TigaTx, and Trained Immunity Discovery; and has stock ownership in IO Biotech, Sairopa B.V., and SkylineDX B.V. Jeffrey E. Gershenwald has received royalties from UpToDate, consulting fees and advisory board participation fees from \nMerck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, and is Vice Chair of the American Joint Committee on Cancer. Vernon K. Sondak has received grants or contracts from Neogene Therapeutics, SkylineDx, and Turnstone Biologics; and has received consulting fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Genesis Drug Discovery & Development, Iovance, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, Mural Oncology, Novartis, and Sun Pharmaceuticals.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure"}}]}}