{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T02:56:06Z","timestamp":1791687366207,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748390400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Surg Oncol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We sought to characterize periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) featuring water-to-oil ratio (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>WO<\/jats:sup>) to detect brown adipocyte (BAT).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Patients and Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Between November 2021 and September 2023, 21 localized patients with prostate cancer were studied, categorized as low (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 4), intermediate (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 4), and high risk (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 13). We utilized MRI to analyze the water-only signal and fat-only signal. <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>WO<\/jats:sup> was used to predict the risk stratification. Tissue samples, including periprostate fat, were collected during surgery, processed, and stained with hemotoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) for microscopic analysis. Periprostate adipose cell supernatants were used to treat cancer cells (PC3 and LNCaP) in vitro.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We found significantly higher periprostatic adipose tissue <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>WO<\/jats:sup> in the high and intermediate risk groups compared with the low risk group (52.12 versus 30.48; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001). The receiver operating characteristic curve for distinguishing advanced tumors using PPAT <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>WO<\/jats:sup> in MRI imaging yielded an area under the curve of 0.64, which increased to 0.90 after incorporating initial PSA. Immunofluorescence, H&amp;E staining, and immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of brown adipocytes, marked by uncoupling protein 1 expression, in periprostate tumor fat. Results indicate that BAT-related adipokines promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasiveness in human prostate cancer cells.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In the study, the chemical shift image of MRI in 21 localized patients with prostate cancer revealed higher periprostatic adipose tissue water-to-oil ratio among patients with high-risk prostate cancer. Adipokines within the tumor-microenvironment attribute to the cancer aggressiveness, and targeting the fat fraction signal in MRI could improve the current risk stratification strategy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-025-17512-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T12:08:29Z","timestamp":1748434109000},"page":"6962-6973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Integrating Magnetic Resonance Chemical Shift Imaging for Localized Prostate Cancer Risk Stratification on the Basis of the Impact of Periprostatic Brown Adipocytes Within Tumor Microenvironment"],"prefix":"10.1245","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Chih-Yu","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jhih-Kai","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Der","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Chuan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Che-Yuan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuan-Yu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yung-Ming","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gia-Shing","family":"Shieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Jung","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"17512_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21763","volume":"73","author":"RL Siegel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, Jemal A. 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All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure"}}]}}