{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T04:12:23Z","timestamp":1793333543797,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Surg Oncol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cryoablation is emerging as a minimally invasive alternative to lumpectomy for select women with early-stage breast cancer. The FROST trial (NCT01992250) was a prospective, phase 2 multicenter study evaluating the outcome of cryoablation in the management of stage I, hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative, node-negative invasive ductal carcinoma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women 50\u00a0years old or older with unifocal, ultrasound-visible tumors were stratified by age: stratum 1 (age \u226570\u00a0years, endocrine therapy only) and stratum 2 (age 50\u201369 years, endocrine therapy + radiotherapy + optional sentinel node biopsy). Cryoablation was performed using a single cryoprobe under ultrasound guidance. Core biopsy 6\u00a0months after ablation was performed to confirm complete ablation. Patients were followed with clinical exams and imaging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included 83 completed cryoablations and follow-up evaluations. The median tumor size was 9\u00a0mm. More than 85% of the subjects in each group received endocrine therapy (stratum 1 [89%, 43\/48], stratum 2 [85.7%, 30\/35]) and 74.3% (26\/35) of the subjects in stratum 2 received recommended whole-breast radiation. Of the 83 patients, 82 received a post-ablation core biopsy 6 months after cryoablation showing no residual cancer, and 1 patient declined a core biopsy. During a median follow-up period of 6.1 years, the 5-year ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence rate (IBTR) was 3.64% overall (stratum 1, 2.08%; stratum 2, 5.80%). The invasive IBTR-free survival rate was 97.59% overall (stratum 1, 97.92%; stratum 2, 97.14%). No serious adverse events occurred.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The FROST trial adds to the growing body of literature supporting the efficacy and safety of cryoablation and supports ongoing research on cryoablation as a strategy for de-escalating breast cancer therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-025-18991-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T15:33:50Z","timestamp":1768491230000},"page":"3374-3382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Cryoablation: A Minimally Invasive Alternative for Early-Stage Breast Cancer: 6-Year Outcomes of the FROST Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.1245","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"D. 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Breast cancer cryoablation in the multidisciplinary setting: practical guidelines for patients and physicians. Life Basel. 2023;13:1756.","journal-title":"Life Basel."},{"key":"18991_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinoshita T, Ohtani S, Doihara H, et al. Multicenter study to evaluate the efficacy and standardize radiofrequency ablation therapy for early breast cancer (RAFAELO study). Ann Oncol. 2018;29(8 Suppl):viii85\u20136.","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy270.263"},{"key":"18991_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12111901","volume":"263","author":"W Zhou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhou W, Zha X, Liu X, et al. US-guided percutaneous microwave coagulation of small breast cancers: a clinical study. Radiology. 2012;263:364\u201373.","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"18991_CR4","first-page":"6220","volume":"30","author":"RE Fine","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fine RE, Berry C, Defiore J, et al. Long-term outcomes of cryoablation for early-stage invasive breast cancer: results from the ICE3 trial. Ann Oncol. 2023;30:6220\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Oncol."},{"key":"18991_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2015.02.010","volume":"26","author":"TD Atwell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Atwell TD, Vlaminck JJ, Boorjian SA, et al. Percutaneous cryoablation of stage T1b renal cell carcinoma: technique considerations, safety, and local tumor control. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2015;26:792\u20139.","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol."},{"key":"18991_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.12370","volume":"113","author":"M Durand","year":"2014","unstructured":"Durand M, Barret E, Galiano M, et al. Focal cryoablation: a treatment option for unilateral low-risk prostate cancer. 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The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure"}}]}}