{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T20:38:56Z","timestamp":1778791136110,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Pharmaceutical Society of Japan","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin","Biol. Pharm. Bull."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,10]]},"DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b24-00863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T22:08:25Z","timestamp":1746828505000},"page":"577-594","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nephropathy II Decoction Attenuates Renal Fibrosis <i>via<\/i> Regulating TLR4 and Gut Microbiota Along the Gut-Kidney Axis"],"prefix":"10.1248","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Chen","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"},{"name":"Wenzhou TCM Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yujiu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China"},{"name":"Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yirui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China"},{"name":"Wenzhou TCM Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liting","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China"},{"name":"Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fu","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yini","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinguo","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China"},{"name":"Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"163","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1) Jha V, Garcia-Garcia G, Iseki K, Li Z, Naicker S, Plattner B, Saran R, Wang AY, Yang CW. Chronic kidney disease: global dimension and perspectives. Lancet<\/i>, 382<\/b>, 260\u2013272 (2013).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60687-X"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"2) Bikbov B, Purcell CA, Levey AS, et al<\/i>. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet<\/i>, 395<\/b>, 709\u2013733 (2020)."},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3) Turner JM, Bauer C, Abramowitz MK, Melamed ML, Hostetter TH. Treatment of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int.<\/i>, 81<\/b>, 351\u2013362 (2012).","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.380"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4) Minutolo R, Lapi F, Chiodini P, Simonetti M, Bianchini E, Pecchioli S, Cricelli I, Cricelli C, Piccinocchi G, Conte G, De Nicola L. Risk of ESRD and death in patients with CKD not referred to a nephrologist: a 7-year prospective study. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.<\/i>, 9<\/b>, 1586\u20131593 (2014).","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.10481013"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5) Levey AS, Coresh J. Chronic kidney disease. Lancet<\/i>, 379<\/b>, 165\u2013180 (2012).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60178-5"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6) Haynes R, Staplin N, Emberson J, Herrington WG, Tomson C, Agodoa L, Tesar V, Levin A, Lewis D, Reith C, Baigent C, Landray MJ. Evaluating the contribution of the cause of kidney disease to prognosis in CKD: results from the study of heart and renal protection (SHARP). Am. J. Kidney Dis.<\/i>, 64<\/b>, 40\u201348 (2014).","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.12.013"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7) Vaziri ND, Wong J, Pahl M, Piceno YM, Yuan J, DeSantis TZ, Ni Z, Nguyen TH, Andersen GL. Chronic kidney disease alters intestinal microbial flora. Kidney Int.<\/i>, 83<\/b>, 308\u2013315 (2013).","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.345"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8) Vaziri ND, Zhao YY, Pahl MV. Altered intestinal microbial flora and impaired epithelial barrier structure and function in CKD: the nature, mechanisms, consequences and potential treatment. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.<\/i>, 31<\/b>, 737\u2013746 (2016).","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfv095"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9) Magnusson M, Magnusson KE, Sundqvist T, Denneberg T. Impaired intestinal barrier function measured by differently sized polyethylene glycols in patients with chronic renal failure. Gut<\/i>, 32<\/b>, 754\u2013759 (1991).","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.32.7.754"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10) Vaziri ND, Yuan J, Norris K. Role of urea in intestinal barrier dysfunction and disruption of epithelial tight junction in chronic kidney disease. Am. J. Nephrol.<\/i>, 37<\/b>, 1\u20136 (2013).","DOI":"10.1159\/000345969"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11) Yang J, Lim SY, Ko YS, Lee HY, Oh SW, Kim MG, Cho WY, Jo SK. Intestinal barrier disruption and dysregulated mucosal immunity contribute to kidney fibrosis in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.<\/i>, 34<\/b>, 419\u2013428 (2019).","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy172"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12) Yang T, Richards EM, Pepine CJ, Raizada MK. The gut microbiota and the brain-gut-kidney axis in hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Nat. Rev. Nephrol.<\/i>, 14<\/b>, 442\u2013456 (2018).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-018-0018-2"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13) Mahmoodpoor F, Rahbar Saadat Y, Barzegari A, Ardalan M, Zununi Vahed S. The impact of gut microbiota on kidney function and pathogenesis. Biomed. Pharmacother.<\/i>, 93<\/b>, 412\u2013419 (2017).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.06.066"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14) Chen YY, Chen DQ, Chen L, Liu JR, Vaziri ND, Guo Y, Zhao YY. Microbiome-metabolome reveals the contribution of gut-kidney axis on kidney disease. J. Transl. Med.<\/i>, 17<\/b>, 5 (2019).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1756-4"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15) Rukavina Mikusic NL, Kouyoumdzian NM, Choi MR. Gut microbiota and chronic kidney disease: evidences and mechanisms that mediate a new communication in the gastrointestinal-renal axis. Pflugers Arch.<\/i>, 472<\/b>, 303\u2013320 (2020).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-020-02352-x"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16) Zhou L, Zhang CL, Jiang K, Cheng HY, Xiong WW, Zhu JX. Therapeutic potential of danyankang capsule in high-fat diet-induced cholelithiasis and its impact on liver FXR signaling and gut microbiota. Biol. Pharm. Bull.<\/i>, 47<\/b>, 680\u2013691 (2024).","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b24-00052"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17) Niu Y, Feng Q, Cui M, Fan C, Wang T, Yuan R, Tsering D, Huang S, Li B. Siweixizangmaoru decoction ameliorated type II collagen-induced arthritis in rats via<\/i> regulating JAK2-STAT3 and NF-\u03ba<\/i>B signaling pathway. Biol. Pharm. Bull.<\/i>, 47<\/b>, 1511\u20131524 (2024).","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b24-00362"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18) Sun CX, Li DH, Xu YP, Yang ZF, Wei LY, Gao YM, Liu Y, Yan CH, Li YZ. Hua-Zhuo-Jie-Du decoction combined with cisplatin inhibits the development of gastric cancer cells by regulating immune and autophagy signaling. Biol. Pharm. Bull.<\/i>, 47<\/b>, 1823\u20131831 (2024).","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b24-00256"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19) Zhou L, Wang X, Zhang Y, Xie Y, Cui R, Xia J, Sun Z. Renal metabolomics study and critical pathway validation of shenkang injection in the treatment of chronic renal failure. Biol. Pharm. Bull.<\/i>, 47<\/b>, 499\u2013508 (2024).","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b23-00835"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20) Li X, Wang H. Chinese herbal medicine in the treatment of chronic kidney disease. Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis.<\/i>, 12<\/b>, 276\u2013281 (2005).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ackd.2005.03.007"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21) Thongnuanjan P, Soodvilai S, Fongsupa S, Chabang N, Vivithanaporn P, Tuchinda P, Soodvilai S. Protective effect of panduratin A on cisplatin-induced apoptosis of human renal proximal tubular cells and acute kidney injury in mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull.<\/i>, 44<\/b>, 830\u2013837 (2021).","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b21-00036"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22) Zhang HY, Tian JX, Lian FM, Li M, Liu WK, Zhen Z, Liao JQ, Tong XL. Therapeutic mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine to improve metabolic diseases via the gut microbiota. Biomed. Pharmacother.<\/i>, 133<\/b>, 110857 (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110857"},{"key":"23","unstructured":"23) Yu L, Xing ZK, Mi SL, Wu X. Regulatory effect of traditional Chinese medicine on intestinal microbiota. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi<\/i>, 44<\/b>, 34\u201339 (2019)."},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24) Mu L, Zhu L, Feng Y, Chen N, Wang F, He L, Cheng J. Nephropathy 1st inhibits renal fibrosis by activating the PPAR\u03b3<\/i> signaling pathway. Front. Pharmacol.<\/i>, 13<\/b>, 992421 (2022).","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.992421"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25) Liu W, Zhang Y, Hu D, Huang L, Liu X, Lu Z. Oral Astragalus polysaccharide alleviates adenine-induced kidney injury by regulating gut microbiota-short-chain fatty acids-kidney G protein-coupled receptors axis. Ren. Fail.<\/i>, 46<\/b>, 2429693 (2024).","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2024.2429693"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26) Zhang Q, Ye X, Zhu L, Xu Z, Hou Y, Ke Q, Feng J, Xie X, Chen D, Piao JG, Wei Y. Spatiotemporal delivery of multiple components of rhubarb-astragalus formula for the sysnergistic treatment of renal fibrosis. Front. Pharmacol.<\/i>, 15<\/b>, 1456721 (2024).","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1456721"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27) Liu ZZ, Weng HB, Zhang LJ, Pan LY, Sun W, Chen HX, Chen MY, Zeng T, Zhang YY, Chen DF, Li H. Bupleurum polysaccharides ameliorated renal injury in diabetic mice associated with suppression of HMGB1-TLR4 signaling. Chin. J. Nat. Med.<\/i>, 17<\/b>, 641\u2013649 (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/S1875-5364(19)30078-0"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28) Yang X, Xin Y, Gu Y, Wang Y, Hu X, Ying G, Zhang Q, He X. Total alkaloids of Aconitum carmichaelii<\/i> Debx alleviate cisplatin-induced acute renal injury by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress related to gut microbiota metabolism. Phytomedicine<\/i>, 135<\/b>, 156128 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156128"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29) Zhang YH, Liu B, Meng Q, Zhang D, Yang H, Li G, Wang Y, Liu M, Liu N, Yu J, Liu S, Zhou H, Xu ZX, Wang Y. ACOX1 deficiency-induced lipid metabolic disorder facilitates chronic interstitial fibrosis development in renal allografts. Pharmacol. Res.<\/i>, 201<\/b>, 107105 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107105"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30) Fu Y, Xiang Y, Wang Y, Liu Z, Yang D, Zha J, Tang C, Cai J, Chen G, Dong Z. The STAT1\/HMGB1\/NF-\u03ba<\/i>B pathway in chronic inflammation and kidney injury after cisplatin exposure. Theranostics<\/i>, 13<\/b>, 2757\u20132773 (2023).","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.81406"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31) Huang P, Cao J, Chen J, Luo Y, Gong X, Wu C, Wang Y. Crosstalk between gut microbiota and renal ischemia\/reperfusion injury. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.<\/i>, 12<\/b>, 1015825 (2022).","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1015825"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32) Chen JH, Chao CT, Huang JW, Hung KY, Liu SH, Tarng DC, Chiang CK. Early elimination of uremic toxin ameliorates AKI-to-CKD transition. Clinical Science (London, England: 1979)<\/i>, 135<\/b>, 2643\u20132658 (2021).","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20210858"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33) Pastrana DV. mSphere of influence: it\u2019s not me, it\u2019s you\u2014how donor factors influence kidney transplant outcomes. mSphere<\/i>, 5<\/b>, e00964\u201319 (2020).","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00964-19"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34) Tong Y, Guo S, Li T, Yang K, Gao W, Peng F, Zou X. Gut microbiota and renal fibrosis. Life Sci.<\/i>, 357<\/b>, 123072 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.123072"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35) Fu Y, Tang C, Cai J, Chen G, Zhang D, Dong Z. Rodent models of AKI-CKD transition. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.<\/i>, 315<\/b>, F1098\u2013F1106 (2018).","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00199.2018"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36) Lu X, Li N, Shushakova N, Schmitt R, Menne J, Susnik N, Meier M, Leitges M, Haller H, Gueler F, Rong S. C57BL\/6 and 129\/Sv mice: genetic difference to renal ischemia-reperfusion. J. Nephrol.<\/i>, 25<\/b>, 738\u2013743 (2012).","DOI":"10.5301\/jn.5000053"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"37) Xiao L, Zhou D, Tan RJ, Fu H, Zhou L, Hou FF, Liu Y. Sustained activation of Wnt\/\u03b2<\/i>-catenin signaling drives AKI to CKD progression. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.<\/i>, 27<\/b>, 1727\u20131740 (2016).","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015040449"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"38) Mahmoud AM, Sayed AM, Ahmeda AF, Abd-Alhameed EK, Salem SH, Alruhaimi RS, Shukur A, Hassanein EHM. Flavonoids-mediated TLR4 inhibition as a promising therapy for renal diseases. Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen.<\/i>, 26<\/b>, 2124\u20132148 (2023).","DOI":"10.2174\/1386207326666230116124532"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"39) Akira S, Takeda K. Toll-like receptor signalling. Nat. Rev. Immunol.<\/i>, 4<\/b>, 499\u2013511 (2004).","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1391"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"40) El-Achkar TM, Huang X, Plotkin Z, Sandoval RM, Rhodes GJ, Dagher PC. Sepsis induces changes in the expression and distribution of Toll-like receptor 4 in the rat kidney. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.<\/i>, 290<\/b>, F1034\u2013F1043 (2006).","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00414.2005"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"41) Wu H, Chen G, Wyburn KR, Yin J, Bertolino P, Eris JM, Alexander SI, Sharland AF, Chadban SJ. TLR4 activation mediates kidney ischemia\/reperfusion injury. J. Clin. Invest.<\/i>, 117<\/b>, 2847\u20132859 (2007).","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31008"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"42) Souza AC, Tsuji T, Baranova IN, Bocharov AV, Wilkins KJ, Street JM, Alvarez-Prats A, Hu X, Eggerman T, Yuen PS, Star RA. TLR4 mutant mice are protected from renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease progression. Physiol. Rep.<\/i>, 3<\/b>, e12558 (2015).","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12558"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"43) Bang S, Shin YH, Ma X, Park SM, Graham DB, Xavier RJ, Clardy J. A cardiolipin from Muribaculum intestinale<\/i> induces antigen-specific cytokine responses. J. Am. Chem. Soc.<\/i>, 145<\/b>, 23422\u201323426 (2023).","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c09734"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"44) Vaziri ND, Yuan J, Rahimi A, Ni Z, Said H, Subramanian VS. Disintegration of colonic epithelial tight junction in uremia: a likely cause of CKD-associated inflammation. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.<\/i>, 27<\/b>, 2686\u20132693 (2012).","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr624"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"45) Zhang W, Miikeda A, Zuckerman J, Jia X, Charugundla S, Zhou Z, Kaczor-Urbanowicz KE, Magyar C, Guo F, Wang Z, Pellegrini M, Hazen SL, Nicholas SB, Lusis AJ, Shih DM. Inhibition of microbiota-dependent TMAO production attenuates chronic kidney disease in mice. Sci. Rep.<\/i>, 11<\/b>, 518 (2021).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80063-0"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"46) Wang H, Ainiwaer A, Song Y, Qin L, Peng A, Bao H, Qin H. Perturbed gut microbiome and fecal and serum metabolomes are associated with chronic kidney disease severity. Microbiome<\/i>, 11<\/b>, 3 (2023).","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01443-4"}],"container-title":["Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/bpb\/48\/5\/48_b24-00863\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,10]],"date-time":"2025-05-10T03:47:04Z","timestamp":1746848824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/bpb\/48\/5\/48_b24-00863\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,10]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1248\/bpb.b24-00863","relation":{},"ISSN":["0918-6158","1347-5215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0918-6158","type":"print"},{"value":"1347-5215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,10]]},"article-number":"b24-00863"}}