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Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050. <i>Lancet<\/i>, <b>404<\/b>, 1199\u20131226 (2024)."},{"key":"2","unstructured":"2) World Health Organization. \u201cGlobal action plan on antimicrobial resistance.\u201d: &lt;https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241509763&gt;, accessed 20 January, 2025."},{"key":"3","unstructured":"3) Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. \u201cNational Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) 2016\u20132020.\u201d: &lt;https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/content\/10900000\/0000138942.pdf&gt;, accessed 20 January, 2025."},{"key":"4","unstructured":"4) Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. \u201cManual of Antimicrobial Stewardship 1st Edition.\u201d: &lt;https:\/\/h-crisis.niph.go.jp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/0000193504.pdf&gt;, accessed 20 January, 2025."},{"key":"5","unstructured":"5) Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. \u201cManual of Antimicrobial Stewardship 2nd Edition.\u201d: &lt;https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/content\/10900000\/000573655.pdf&gt;, accessed 20 January, 2025."},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6) Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, Tarr PI, Steiner TS, Kotloff K, Langley JM, Wanke C, Warren CA, Cheng AC, Cantey J, Pickering LK. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. <i>Clin. Infect. Dis.<\/i>, <b>65<\/b>, e45\u2013e80 (2017).","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix669"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7) Ono A, Aoyagi K, Muraki Y, Asai Y, Tsuzuki S, Koizumi R, Azuma T, Kusama Y, Ohmagari N. Trends in healthcare visits and antimicrobial prescriptions for acute infectious diarrhea in individuals aged 65 years or younger in Japan from 2013 to 2018 based on administrative claims database: a retrospective observational study. <i>BMC Infect. Dis.<\/i>, <b>21<\/b>, 983 (2021).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06688-2"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8) Okubo Y, Miyairi I, Michihata N, Morisaki N, Kinoshita N, Urayama KY, Yasunaga H. Recent prescription patterns for children with acute infectious diarrhea. <i>J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr.<\/i>, <b>68<\/b>, 13\u201316 (2019).","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002115"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9) Collinson S, Deans A, Padua-Zamora A, Gregorio GV, Li C, Dans LF, Allen SJ. Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea. <i>Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.<\/i>, <b>12<\/b>, CD003048 (2020).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003048.pub4"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10) Ito S, Muraki Y, Inose R, Mizuno K, Goto R, Kiyosuke M, Iinuma Y, Yagi T, Ohge H. Characteristics of pediatric patients claimed with acute upper respiratory infection during otorhinolaryngology consultations: A descriptive study of a large Japanese medical claims database. <i>J. Infect. Chemother.<\/i>, <b>30<\/b>, 815\u2013819 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2024.01.015"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11) Rhee C, Aol G, Ouma A, Audi A, Muema S, Auko J, Omore R, Odongo G, Wiegand RE, Montgomery JM, Widdowson MA, O\u2019Reilly CE, Bigogo G, Verani JR. Inappropriate use of antibiotics for childhood diarrhea case management\u2014Kenya, 2009\u20132016. <i>BMC Public Health<\/i>, <b>19<\/b> (Suppl. 3): 468 (2019).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6771-8"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12) Morioka S, Tsuzuki S, Gu Y, Fujitomo Y, Soeda H, Nakahama C, Hasegawa N, Maesaki S, Maeda M, Matsumoto T, Miyairi I, Ohmagari N. Factors associated with the change of antimicrobial prescription before and after the national action plan on antimicrobial resistance: Additional analysis of a nationwide survey conducted by the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases. <i>J. Infect. Chemother.<\/i>, <b>31<\/b>, 102532 (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2024.09.021"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13) AbdEl-Aty MA, Amin MT, Ahmed SM, Elsedfy GO, El-Gazzar AF. Exploring factors for antibiotic over-prescription in children with acute upper respiratory tract infections in Assiut, Egypt: a qualitative study. <i>Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control<\/i>, <b>13<\/b>, 2 (2024).","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-023-01357-2"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14) Lee HJ, Park KH, Park DA, Park J, Bang BW, Lee SS, Lee EJ, Kim YJ, Hong SK, Kim YR. Prescription of antibiotics for adults with acute infectious diarrhea in Korea: a population-based study. <i>Infect. Chemother.<\/i>, <b>51<\/b>, 295\u2013304 (2019).","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2019.51.3.295"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15) Kinoshita N, Morisaki N, Uda K, Kasai M, Horikoshi Y, Miyairi I. 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Single-dose intramuscular ceftriaxone for acute otitis media in children. <i>Pediatrics<\/i>, <b>91<\/b>, 23\u201330 (1993).","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.91.1.23"},{"key":"20","unstructured":"20) Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. \u201cManual of Antimicrobial Stewardship 3rd Edition.\u201d: &lt;https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/content\/10900000\/001265278.pdf&gt;, accessed 20 January, 2025."}],"container-title":["Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/bpb\/49\/1\/49_b25-00510\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T03:28:41Z","timestamp":1769830121000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/bpb\/49\/1\/49_b25-00510\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1248\/bpb.b25-00510","relation":{},"ISSN":["0918-6158","1347-5215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0918-6158","type":"print"},{"value":"1347-5215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"article-number":"b25-00510"}}