{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T06:13:19Z","timestamp":1791094399183,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31826851c2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,4]],"date-time":"2013-01-04T15:33:11Z","timestamp":1357313591000},"page":"2045-2056","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["ACSM and CHAMP Summit on Sickle Cell Trait"],"prefix":"10.1249","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"FRANCIS G.","family":"O\u2019CONNOR","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MICHAEL F.","family":"BERGERON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JOYCE","family":"CANTRELL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PHILIPPE","family":"CONNES","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KIMBERLY G.","family":"HARMON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"EDWARD","family":"IVY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JOHN","family":"KARK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DAVE","family":"KLOSSNER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PETER","family":"LISMAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"BRYCE K.","family":"MEYERS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KAREN","family":"O\u2019BRIEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KWAKU","family":"OHENE-FREMPONG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ALEXIS A.","family":"THOMPSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JAMES","family":"WHITEHEAD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PATRICIA A.","family":"DEUSTER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"R1-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)43323-0","article-title":"Polymerization of AS hybrid hemoglobin. Potent inhibitory effect of hemoglobin A on the polymerization of AS hybrid hemoglobin.","volume":"259","author":"Adachi","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"R3-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181ae0700","article-title":"Sickle cell trait and fatal rhabdomyolysis in football training: a case study.","volume":"42","author":"Anzalone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"R5-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/10739680490279410","article-title":"Sickle red cell microrheology and sickle blood rheology.","volume":"11","author":"Ballas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"issue":"8","key":"R6-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V79.8.2154.2154","article-title":"Red blood cell changes during the evolution of the sickle cell painful crisis.","volume":"79","author":"Ballas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"2","key":"R7-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2010.09.012","article-title":"Coagulation responses after a submaximal exercise in sickle cell trait carriers.","volume":"127","author":"Beltan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"R8-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200411000-00005","article-title":"Erythrocyte sickling during exercise and thermal stress.","volume":"14","author":"Bergeron","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"R9-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-972842","article-title":"Anaerobic exercise components during the force-velocity test in sickle cell trait.","volume":"17","author":"Bile","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"R10-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-971907","article-title":"Sickle cell trait in Ivory Coast athletic throw and jump champions, 1956-1995.","volume":"19","author":"Bile","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R11-1-20210211","first-page":"29","article-title":"Medical aspects of sickle hemoglobin in military personnel.","volume":"69","author":"Brodine","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"R12-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.172.6.656","article-title":"A case of severe exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis associated with a weight-loss dietary supplement.","volume":"172","author":"Burke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R13-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181c29504","article-title":"Exertional rhabdomyolysis and malignant hyperthermia in a patient with ryanodine receptor type 1 gene, L-type calcium channel alpha-1 subunit gene, and calsequestrin-1 gene polymorphisms.","volume":"112","author":"Capacchione","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"1-4","key":"R20-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-2008-1078","article-title":"Blood rheology abnormalities and vascular cell adhesion mechanisms in sickle cell trait carriers during exercise.","volume":"39","author":"Connes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Hemorheol Microcirc"},{"key":"R21-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2174\/1874387000903010049","article-title":"Lactate removal ability and VO2 recovery kinetics in sickle cell trait carriers compared with normal haemoglobin subjects: preliminary data.","volume":"3","author":"Connes","year":"2009","journal-title":"TOSMJ"},{"issue":"11","key":"R23-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838110-00004","article-title":"Physiological responses of sickle cell trait carriers during exercise.","volume":"38","author":"Connes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"R25-1-20210211","first-page":"180","article-title":"The sickle cell trait in relation to the training and assignment of duties in the Armed Forces: I. Policies, observations, and studies.","volume":"55","author":"Diggs","year":"1984","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"R26-1-20210211","first-page":"358","article-title":"The sickle cell trait in relation to the training and assignment of duties in the armed forces: III. Hyposthenuria, hematuria, sudden death, rhabdomyolysis, and acute tubular necrosis.","volume":"55","author":"Diggs","year":"1984","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"R27-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-106-2-191","article-title":"Pulmonary function in sickle cell trait.","volume":"106","author":"Dillard","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"R30-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.16.3.197","article-title":"Sickle cell trait.","volume":"16","author":"Eichner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"R31-1-20210211","first-page":"134","article-title":"Sports medicine pearls and pitfalls-sickle cell trait and athletes: three clinical concerns.","volume":"6","author":"Eichner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"R32-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0b013e31821a9a3e","article-title":"Overcaffeination: low potassium and other perils.","volume":"10","author":"Eichner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"R33-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2011.03.004","article-title":"Sickle cell considerations in athletes.","volume":"30","author":"Eichner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R34-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.21.1.65","article-title":"Marginal effects of a large caffeine dose on heat balance during exercise-heat stress.","volume":"21","author":"Ely","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"R35-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2010.11.031","article-title":"Chemical cardiomyopathies: the negative effects of medications and nonprescribed drugs on the heart.","volume":"124","author":"Figueredo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"R36-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/167.12.964","article-title":"Nontraumatic exercise-related deaths in the U.S. military, 1996-1999.","volume":"167","author":"Gardner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"R38-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.22271","article-title":"Framing the research agenda for sickle cell trait: building on the current understanding of clinical events and their potential implications.","volume":"87","author":"Goldsmith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"5","key":"R40-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090896","article-title":"Sickle cell trait associated with a RR of death of 37 times in National Collegiate Athletic Association football athletes: a database with 2 million athlete-years as the denominator.","volume":"46","author":"Harmon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"R41-1-20210211","first-page":"309","article-title":"Acute exertional rhabdomyolysis and its relationship to sickle cell trait.","volume":"30","author":"Harrelson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"R42-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109646","article-title":"Abnormal adherence of sickle erythrocytes to cultured vascular endothelium: possible mechanism for microvascular occlusion in sickle cell disease.","volume":"65","author":"Hebbel","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"R44-1-20210211","first-page":"97","article-title":"Studies of sickle cell disease. II. Hematuria in a case of sickle cell disease.","volume":"51","author":"Henderson","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"R45-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/19.5.533","article-title":"Comparison of results for three method of hemoglobin S identification.","volume":"19","author":"Hicksg","year":"1973","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"R47-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197002052820607","article-title":"Sudden death in sickle cell trait.","volume":"282","author":"Jones","year":"1970","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"R48-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.09.014","article-title":"Screening U.S. college athletes for their sickle cell disease carrier status.","volume":"41","author":"Jordan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"R49-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V116.21.945.945","article-title":"Prevention of exercise-related death unexplained by preexisting disease (EDU) associated with sickle cell trait (SCT) without hemoglobin (Hb) screening or Hb specific management.","volume":"116","author":"Kark","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"3","key":"R51-1-20210211","first-page":"181","article-title":"Exercise and hemoglobin S.","volume":"31","author":"Kark","year":"1994","journal-title":"Semin Hematol"},{"key":"R52-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2010.1.418","article-title":"sickle cell trait: novel clinical significance.","volume":"1","author":"Key","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program"},{"issue":"5","key":"R55-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1024725","article-title":"Sickle cell trait in Ivory Coast athletic champions, 1956-1989.","volume":"12","author":"Le Gallais","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"R56-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1021077","article-title":"Sickle cell trait as a limiting factor for high-level performance in a semi-marathon.","volume":"15","author":"Le Gallais","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"R57-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090521","article-title":"Sudden exertional death in sickle cell trait.","volume":"46","author":"Loosemore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"R58-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199902113400615","article-title":"Myonecrosis in sickle cell anemia.","volume":"340","author":"Malekgoudarzi","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R59-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.2830260112","article-title":"Systemic necrotizing vasculitis in sickle cell disease.","volume":"26","author":"Manci","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"8","key":"R61-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-830377","article-title":"Sickle cell trait in French West Indian elite sprint athletes.","volume":"26","author":"Marlin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"R62-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-964983","article-title":"Ventilatory and lactic thresholds in subjects with sickle cell trait.","volume":"28","author":"Marlin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R63-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(89)80482-6","article-title":"Exercise and hypoxia increase sickling in venous blood from an exercising limb in individuals with sickle cell trait.","volume":"87","author":"Martin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"R65-1-20210211","first-page":"300","article-title":"Sickle cell trait and sudden deathbringing it home.","volume":"99","author":"Mitchell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"R69-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1590\/S0043-31442006000300015","article-title":"Some bio-medical mechanisms in athletic prowess.","volume":"55","author":"Morrison","year":"2006","journal-title":"West Indian Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"R71-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/01.moh.0000190108.62414.06","article-title":"Leukocyte adhesion and the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease.","volume":"13","author":"Okpala","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Hematol"},{"issue":"9","key":"R74-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1976.03630090086021","article-title":"Morphological features of red blood cells in subjects with sickle cell trait: changes during exercise.","volume":"136","author":"Ramirez","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"R75-1-20210211","first-page":"244","article-title":"Exercise capacity of black sickle cell trait males.","volume":"8","author":"Robinson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"R76-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-2-21","article-title":"Malignant hyperthermia.","volume":"2","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"R77-1-20210211","first-page":"437","article-title":"Faster lactate transport across red blood cell membrane in sickle cell trait carriers.","volume":"100","author":"Sara","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R78-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e318187dfcd","article-title":"Sudden death and sickle cell trait: medicolegal considerations and implications.","volume":"30","author":"Scheinin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R79-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2003.12.003","article-title":"Nontraumatic deaths during U.S. Armed Forces basic training, 1977-2001.","volume":"26","author":"Scoville","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"R80-1-20210211","first-page":"377","article-title":"Splenic syndrome in patients at high altitude with unrecognized sickle cell trait: splenectomy is often unnecessary.","volume":"48","author":"Sheikha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"R81-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/155.2.59","article-title":"Sickle cell trait and rhabdomyolysis: case report and review of the literature.","volume":"155","author":"Sherry","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"suppl A","key":"R82-1-20210211","first-page":"447","article-title":"Unrecognized exertional heat illness as a risk factor for exercise-related sudden cardiac death among young adults.","volume":"29","author":"Smith","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Coll Card"},{"key":"R83-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659031","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/659031","article-title":"Myonecrosis in sickle cell anemia-overlooked and underdiagnosed.","volume":"2010","author":"Tageja","year":"2010","journal-title":"Case Report Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"R84-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199407000-00017","article-title":"Sickle cell trait performance in a prolonged race at high altitude.","volume":"26","author":"Thiriet","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"5","key":"R85-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.01774.x","article-title":"Sickle cell trait-associated deaths: a case series with a review of the literature.","volume":"56","author":"Thogmartin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"R91-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.12.020","article-title":"Complications associated with sickle cell trait: a brief narrative review.","volume":"122","author":"Tsaras","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"R92-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.81.6.749","article-title":"Newborn screening for sickle cell disease: effect on mortality.","volume":"81","author":"Vichinsky","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"R95-1-20210211","first-page":"1099","article-title":"Sickle cell anemia trait in the military aircrew population: a report from the Military Aviation Safety Subcommittee of the Aviation Safety Committee, AsMA.","volume":"62","author":"Voge","year":"1991","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"R98-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(88)90308-7","article-title":"Effect of moderate inspiratory hypoxia on exercise performance in sickle cell trait.","volume":"84","author":"Weisman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"R99-1-20210211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1988.00380050144021","article-title":"Effect of Army basic training in sickle cell trait.","volume":"148","author":"Weisman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00005768-201211000-00001","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T14:19:04Z","timestamp":1787321944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00005768-201211000-00001"}},"subtitle":["Mitigating Risks for Warfighters and Athletes"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/mss.0b013e31826851c2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0195-9131"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0195-9131","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]}}}