{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:04:54Z","timestamp":1772168694996,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n Leucine metabolites, \u03b1-hydroxyisocaproic acid (\u03b1-HICA) and \u03b2-hydroxy-\u03b2-methylbutyrate (calcium, HMB-Ca and free acid, HMB-FA), have been proposed to augment resistance training-induced changes in body composition and performance.<\/jats:p>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n We aimed to conduct a double-blind randomized controlled pragmatic trial to evaluate the effects of off-the-shelf leucine metabolite supplements of \u03b1-HICA, HMB-FA, and HMB-Ca on resistance training-induced changes in muscle thickness and performance.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Forty men were randomly assigned to receive \u03b1-HICA (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 10, fat-free mass [FFM] = 62.0 \u00b1 7.1 kg), HMB-FA (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 11, FFM = 62.7 \u00b1 10.5 kg), HMB-Ca (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 9, FFM = 65.6 \u00b1 10.1 kg), or placebo (PLA;\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 10, FFM = 64.2 \u00b1 5.7 kg). The training program consisted of whole body thrice weekly resistance training for 8 wk (seven exercises per session, three to four sets per session, at 70%\u201380% one repetition maximum). Skeletal muscle thickness by ultrasound, performance measures, and blood measures (creatine kinase, insulin-like growth factor 1, growth hormone, cortisol, and total testosterone) were evaluated at baseline and at the end of weeks 4 and 8.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Time-dependent changes were observed for muscle thickness (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), one repetition maximum bench press and squat (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), Wingate peak power (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.02), countermovement jump height (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.03), power (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.006), creatine kinase, insulin-like growth factor-1, growth hormone, and cortisol (all\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001). No significant between-group or time\u2013group interactions were observed.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n No leucine metabolite resulted in any ergogenic effects on any outcome variable. Supplementation with leucine metabolites\u2014\u03b1-HICA, HMB-FA, or HMB-Ca\u2014is not a supplementation strategy that improves muscle growth and strength development in young adult men.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0000000000001754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,12]],"date-time":"2018-08-12T17:44:54Z","timestamp":1534095894000},"page":"56-64","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Leucine Metabolites Do Not Enhance Training-induced Performance or Muscle Thickness"],"prefix":"10.1249","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"FILIPE J.","family":"TEIXEIRA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, PORTUGAL;"}]},{"given":"CATARINA N.","family":"MATIAS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"CRISTINA P.","family":"MONTEIRO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"MARIA J.","family":"VALAMATOS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"JOANA F.","family":"REIS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"FRANCISCO","family":"TAVARES","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, Sport and Human Performance, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, NEW ZEALAND; and"}]},{"given":"ANA","family":"BATISTA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, PORTUGAL;"}]},{"given":"CHRISTOPHE","family":"DOMINGOS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, PORTUGAL;"}]},{"given":"FRANCISCO","family":"ALVES","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"LU\u00cdS B.","family":"SARDINHA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"STUART 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