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Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, Colucci WS, Fowler MB, Gilbert EM, et al. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure: U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. <i>N Engl J Med<\/i> 1996; 334: 1349\u20131355.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199605233342101"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB, Katus HA, Krum H, Mohacsi P, et al. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. <i>N Engl J Med<\/i> 2001; 344: 1651\u20131658.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105313442201"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): A randomised trial. <i>Lancet<\/i> 1999; 353: 9\u201313.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)11181-9"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. MERIT-HF Study Group. Effect of metoprolol CR\/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR\/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). <i>Lancet<\/i> 1999; 353: 2001\u20132007.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04440-2"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Brophy JM, Joseph L, Rouleau JL. Beta-blockers in congestive heart failure: A Bayesian meta-analysis. <i>Ann Intern Med<\/i> 2001; 134: 550\u2013560.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-134-7-200104030-00008"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. <i>Eur Heart J<\/i> 2016; 37: 2129\u20132200.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Colvin MM, et al. 2017 ACC\/AHA\/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF\/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. <i>Circulation<\/i> 2017; 136: e137\u2013e161.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000509"},{"key":"8","unstructured":"8. The Joint Study Group of the Japanese Circulation Society. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure (JCS\/JHFS 2017) (in Japanese). http:\/\/www.j-circ.or.jp\/guideline\/pdf\/JCS2017_tsutsui_h.pdf (accessed August 13, 2018)."},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Komajda M, Follath F, Swedberg K, Cleland J, Aguilar JC, Cohen-Solal A, et al. The EuroHeart Failure Survey programme: A survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe. Part 2: Treatment. <i>Eur Heart J<\/i> 2003; 24: 464\u2013474.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-668X(02)00700-5"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Calvert MJ, Shankar A, McManus RJ, Ryan R, Freemantle N. Evaluation of the management of heart failure in primary care. <i>Fam Pract<\/i> 2009; 26: 145\u2013153.","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmn105"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Poole-Wilson PA, Swedberg K, Cleland JG, Di Lenarda A, Hanrath P, Komajda M, et al. Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET): Randomised controlled trial. <i>Lancet<\/i> 2003; 362: 7\u201313.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13800-7"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. D\u00fcngen HD, Apostolovic S, Inkrot S, Tahirovic E, T\u00f6pper A, Mehrhof F, et al. Titration to target dose of bisoprolol vs. carvedilol in elderly patients with heart failure: The CIBIS-ELD trial. <i>Eur J Heart Fail<\/i> 2011; 13: 670\u2013680.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfr020"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Hori M, Nagai R, Izumi T, Matsuzaki M. Efficacy and safety of bisoprolol fumarate compared with carvedilol in Japanese patients with chronic heart failure: Results of the randomized, controlled, double-blind, Multistep Administration of bisoprolol IN Chronic Heart Failure II (MAIN-CHF II) study. <i>Heart Vessels<\/i> 2014; 29: 238\u2013247.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-013-0340-3"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Maggioni AP, Dahlstr\u00f6m U, Filippatos G, Chioncel O, Leiro MC, Drozdz J, et al. EURObservational Research Programme: The Heart Failure Pilot Survey (ESC-HF Pilot). <i>Eur J Heart Fail<\/i> 2010; 12: 1076\u20131084.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfq154"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Lowrie R, Mair FS, Greenlaw N, Forsyth P, McConnachie A, Richardson J, et al. The Heart failure and Optimal Outcomes from Pharmacy Study (HOOPS): Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics. <i>Eur J Heart Fail<\/i> 2011; 13: 917\u2013924.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfr083"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Packer M, Fowler MB, Roecker EB, Coats AJ, Katus HA, Krum H, et al. Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: Results of the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival (COPERNICUS) study. <i>Circulation<\/i> 2002; 106: 2194\u20132199.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000035653.72855.BF"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Willenheimer R, van Veldhuisen DJ, Silke B, Erdmann E, Follath F, Krum H, et al. Effect on survival and hospitalization of initiating treatment for chronic heart failure with bisoprolol followed by enalapril, as compared with the opposite sequence: Results of the randomized Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study (CIBIS) III. <i>Circulation<\/i> 2005; 112: 2426\u20132435.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.582320"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Simon T, Mary-Krause M, Funck-Brentano C, Lechat P, Jaillon P. Bisoprolol dose-response relationship in patients with congestive heart failure: A subgroup analysis in the cardiac insufficiency bisoprolol study (CIBIS II). <i>Eur Heart J<\/i> 2003; 24: 552\u2013559.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-668X(02)00743-1"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. McAlister FA, Wiebe N, Ezekowitz JA, Leung AA, Armstrong PW. 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Heart rate and cardiac rhythm relationships with bisoprolol benefit in chronic heart failure in CIBIS II Trial. <i>Circulation<\/i> 2001; 103: 1428\u20131433.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.10.1428"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. Hori M, Sasayama S, Kitabatake A, Toyo-oka T, Handa S, Yokoyama M, et al. Low-dose carvedilol improves left ventricular function and reduces cardiovascular hospitalization in Japanese patients with chronic heart failure: The Multicenter Carvedilol Heart Failure Dose Assessment (MUCHA) trial. <i>Am Heart J<\/i> 2004; 147: 324\u2013330.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2003.07.023"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. Kramer DG, Trikalinos TA, Kent DM, Antonopoulos GV, Konstam MA, Udelson JE. 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