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Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2012 update: A report from the American Heart Association. <i>Circulation<\/i> 2012; 125: e2\u2013e220."},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Blecker S, Paul M, Taksler G, Ogedegbe G, Katz S. Heart failure\u2013associated hospitalizations in the United States. <i>J Am Coll Cardiol<\/i> 2013; 61: 1259\u20131267.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.12.038"},{"key":"#cr-split#-3.1","unstructured":"3. Dickstein K, Cohen-Solal A, Filippatos G, McMurray JJ, Ponikowski P, Poole-Wilson PA, et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2008 of the European Society of Cardiology. 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Chronic heart failure in Japan: Implications of the CHART studies. <i>Vasc Health Risk Manag<\/i> 2008; 4: 103\u2013113.","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S2287"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Gerber Y, Weston SA, Redfield MM, Chamberlain AM, Manemann SM, Jiang R, et al. A contemporary appraisal of the heart failure epidemic in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 2000 to 2010. <i>JAMA Intern Med<\/i> 2015; 175: 996\u20131004.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.0924"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Krumholz HM, Merrill AR, Schone EM, Schreiner GC, Chen J, Bradley EH, et al. Patterns of hospital performance in acute myocardial infarction and heart failure 30-day mortality and readmission. <i>Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes<\/i> 2009; 2: 407\u2013413.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.883256"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"7. Okamoto H, Kitabatake A. The epidemiology of heart failure in Japan. <i>Nippon Rinsho<\/i> 2003; 61: 709\u2013714 (in Japanese)."},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Okura Y, Ramadan MM, Ohno Y, Mitsuma W, Tanaka K, Ito M, et al. Impending epidemic: Future projection of heart failure in Japan to the year 2055. <i>Circ J<\/i> 2008; 72: 489\u2013491.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.72.489"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Yasuda S, Miyamoto Y, Ogawa H. Current status of cardiovascular medicine in the aging society of Japan. <i>Circulation<\/i> 2018; 138: 965\u2013967.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035858"},{"key":"10","unstructured":"10. The Japanese Registry of All cardiac and vascular Diseases (JROAD). http:\/\/www.j-circ.or.jp\/jittai_chosa\/#tensai (accessed October 12, 2018)."},{"key":"11","unstructured":"11. Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Outline and basic concept of DPC system. https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/stf\/shingi\/2r985200000105vx-att\/2r98520000010612.pdf (accessed October 2, 2018)"},{"key":"12","unstructured":"12. Japanese Registry of All cardiac and vascular Diseases (JROAD). Survey on medical cardiovascular disease 2016. http:\/\/www.j-circ.or.jp\/jittai_chosa\/jittai_chosa2016web (accessed October 12, 2018)."},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Sasaki N, Kunisawa S, Ikai H, Imanaka Y. Differences between determinants of in-hospital mortality and hospitalisation costs for patients with acute heart failure: A nationwide observational study from Japan. <i>BMJ Open<\/i> 2017; 7: e013753.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013753"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Ziaeian B, Sharma PP, Yu TC, Johnson KW, Fonarow GC. Factors associated with variations in hospital expenditures for acute heart failure in the United States. <i>Am Heart J<\/i> 2015; 169: 282\u2013289.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2014.11.007"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Farr\u00e9 N, Vela E, Cl\u00e8ries M, Bustins M, Cainzos-Achirica M, Enjuanes C, et al. Medical resource use and expenditure in patients with chronic heart failure: A population-based analysis of 88 195 patients. <i>Eur J Heart Fail<\/i> 2016; 18: 1132\u20131140.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.549"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Tseng CH. Clinical features of heart failure hospitalization in younger and elderly patients in Taiwan. <i>Eur J Clin Invest<\/i> 2011; 41: 597\u2013604.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2010.02447.x"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Whellan DJ, Greiner MA, Schulman KA, Curtis LH. Costs of inpatient care among Medicare beneficiaries with heart failure, 2001 to 2004. <i>Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes<\/i> 2010; 3: 33\u201340.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.854760"},{"key":"18","unstructured":"18. United Nations. DESA\/Population Division. World population prospects: The 2017 revision. https:\/\/esa.un.org\/unpd\/wpp\/ (accessed July 6, 2018)."},{"key":"19","unstructured":"19. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Survey of medical institutions. https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/toukei\/saikin\/hw\/iryosd\/13\/ (accessed October 30, 2018)."},{"key":"20","unstructured":"20. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Estimates of national medical care expenditure 2013. https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/toukei\/saikin\/hw\/k-iryohi\/13\/ (accessed October 30, 2018)."},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Heidenreich PA, Albert NM, Allen LA, Bluemke DA, Butler J, Fonarow GC, et al. 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