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Chugh Sumeet S, Havmoeller R, Narayanan K, Singh D, Rienstra M, Benjamin Emelia J, et al. Worldwide epidemiology of atrial fibrillation. <i>Circulation<\/i> 2014; 129: 837\u2013847.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005119"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Wijesurendra RS, Casadei B. Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation. <i>Heart<\/i> 2019; 105: 1860\u20131867.","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2018-314267"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Gopinathannair R, Etheridge SP, Marchlinski FE, Spinale FG, Lakkireddy D, Olshansky B. Arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathies: Mechanisms, recognition, and management. <i>J Am Coll Cardiol<\/i> 2015; 66: 1714\u20131728.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.08.038"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Steinberg BA, Kim S, Thomas L, Fonarow GC, Gersh BJ, Holmqvist F, et al. Increased heart atrial rate is associated with higher mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF): Results from the Outcomes Registry for BEtter Informated Treatment of AF (ORBIT-AF). <i>J Am Heart Assoc<\/i> 2015; 4: e002031.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002031"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Andrade JG, Roy D, Wyse DG, Tardif JC, Talajic M, Leduc H, et al. Heart rate and adverse outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation: A combined AFFIRM and AF-CHF substudy. <i>Heart Rhythm<\/i> 2016; 13: 54\u201361.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.08.028"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Li SJ, Sartipy U, Lund LH, Dahlstrom U, Adiels M, Petzold M, et al. Prognostic significance of resting heart rate and use of beta-blockers in atrial fibrillation and sinus rhythm in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: Findings From the Swedish Heart Failure Registry. <i>Circ Heart Fail<\/i> 2015; 8: 871\u2013879.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002285"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"7. Cullington D, Goode KM, Zhang J, Cleland JG, Clark AL. Is heart rate important for patients with heart failure in atrial fibrillation? <i>JACC Heart Failure<\/i> 2014; 2: 213\u2013220."},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Docherty KF, Shen L, Castagno D, Petrie MC, Abraham WT, Bohm M, et al. Relationship between heart rate and outcomes in patients in sinus rhythm or atrial fibrillation with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. <i>Eur J Heart Fail<\/i> 2019; 22: 528\u2013538.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1682"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Sartipy U, Savarese G, Dahlstr\u00f6m U, Fu M, Lund LH. Association of heart rate with mortality in sinus rhythm and atrial fibrillation in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. <i>Eur J Heart Fail<\/i> 2019; 21: 471\u2013479.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1389"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Van Gelder IC, Groenveld HF, Crijns HJ, Tuininga YS, Tijssen JG, Alings AM, et al. Lenient versus strict rate control in patients with atrial fibrillation. <i>N Engl J Med<\/i> 2010; 362: 1363\u20131373.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1001337"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Akao M, Chun YH, Wada H, Esato M, Hashimoto T, Abe M, et al. Current status of clinical background of patients with atrial fibrillation in a community-based survey: The Fushimi AF Registry. <i>J Cardiol<\/i> 2013; 61: 260\u2013266.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2012.12.002"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Akao M, Chun YH, Esato M, Abe M, Tsuji H, Wada H, et al. Inappropriate use of oral anticoagulants for patients with atrial fibrillation. <i>Circ J<\/i> 2014; 78: 2166\u20132172.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-14-0344"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Takabayashi K, Hamatani Y, Yamashita Y, Takagi D, Unoki T, Ishii M, et al. Incidence of stroke or systemic embolism in paroxysmal versus sustained atrial fibrillation: The Fushimi Atrial Fibrillation Registry. <i>Stroke<\/i> 2015; 46: 3354\u20133361.","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.010947"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Ogawa H, An Y, Ikeda S, Aono Y, Doi K, Ishii M, et al. Progression from paroxysmal to sustained atrial fibrillation is associated with increased adverse events. <i>Stroke<\/i> 2018; 49: 2301\u20132308.","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.021396"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, Ahlsson A, Atar D, Casadei B, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. <i>Eur Heart J<\/i> 2016; 37: 2893\u20132962.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw210"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. An Y, Ogawa H, Yamashita Y, Ishii M, Iguchi M, Masunaga N, et al. Causes of death in Japanese patients with atrial fibrillation: The Fushimi Atrial Fibrillation Registry. <i>Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes<\/i> 2019; 5: 35\u201342.","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcy033"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Iguchi M, Tezuka Y, Ogawa H, Hamatani Y, Takagi D, An Y, et al. Incidence and risk factors of stroke or systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure: The Fushimi AF Registry. <i>Circ J<\/i> 2018; 82: 1327\u20131335.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-17-1155"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Kanda Y. Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software \u2018EZR\u2019 for medical statistics. <i>Bone Marrow Transplant<\/i> 2013; 48: 452\u2013458.","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2012.244"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. An Y, Ogawa H, Esato M, Ishii M, Iguchi M, Masunaga N, et al. Age-dependent prognostic impact of paroxysmal versus sustained atrial fibrillation on the incidence of cardiac death and heart failure hospitalization (the Fushimi AF Registry). <i>Am J Cardiol<\/i> 2019; 124: 1420\u20131429.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2019.07.048"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Steinberg BA, Hellkamp AS, Lokhnygina Y, Patel MR, Breithardt G, Hankey GJ, et al. Higher risk of death and stroke in patients with persistent vs. paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: Results from the ROCKET-AF Trial. <i>Eur Heart J<\/i> 2014; 36: 288\u2013296.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu359"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Heist EK, Mansour M, Ruskin JN. Rate control in atrial fibrillation: Targets, methods, resynchronization considerations. <i>Circulation<\/i> 2011; 124: 2746\u20132755.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.019919"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. Anselmino M, Scarsoglio S, Camporeale C, Saglietto A, Gaita F, Ridolfi L. Rate control management of atrial fibrillation: May a mathematical model suggest an ideal heart rate? <i>PLoS One<\/i> 2015; 10: e0119868.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119868"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. Van Gelder IC, Rienstra M, Crijns HJGM, Olshansky B. Rate control in atrial fibrillation. <i>Lancet<\/i> 2016; 388: 818\u2013828.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31258-2"},{"key":"24","unstructured":"24. Pokorney SD, Lopes RD. Atrial fibrillation: What do we know about screening and what do we not know about treatment? <i>Heart<\/i> 2019; 105: 817\u2013819."},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25. Groenveld HF, Tijssen JG, Crijns HJ, Van den Berg MP, Hillege HL, Alings M, et al. Rate control efficacy in permanent atrial fibrillation: Successful and failed strict rate control against a background of lenient rate control: Data from RACE II (Rate Control Efficacy in Permanent Atrial Fibrillation). <i>J Am Coll Cardiol<\/i> 2013; 61: 741\u2013748.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.11.038"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26. Laskey WK, Alomari I, Cox M, Schulte PJ, Zhao X, Hernandez AF, et al. Heart rate at hospital discharge in patients with heart failure is associated with mortality and rehospitalization. <i>Journal of the American Heart Association<\/i> 2015; 4: e001626.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.001626"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27. Sarkar S, Koehler J, Crossley GH, Tang WH, Abraham WT, Warman EN, et al. Burden of atrial fibrillation and poor rate control detected by continuous monitoring and the risk for heart failure hospitalization. <i>Am Heart J<\/i> 2012; 164: 616\u2013624.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.06.020"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28. Chen LY, Chung MK, Allen LA, Ezekowitz M, Furie KL, McCabe P, et al. Atrial fibrillation burden: Moving beyond atrial fibrillation as a binary entity: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. <i>Circulation<\/i> 2018; 137: e623\u2013e644.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000568"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29. Yamashita T, Murakawa Y, Sezaki K, Inoue M, Hayami N, Shuzui Y, et al. 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