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Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JG, Coats AJ, et al. 2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. <i>Eur J Heart Fail<\/i> 2016; 18: 891\u2013975, doi:10.1002\/ejhf.592.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.592"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Okura Y, Ramadan MM, Ohno Y, Mitsuma W, Tanaka K, Ito M, et al. Impending epidemic: Future projection of heart failure in Japan to the year 2055. <i>Circ J<\/i> 2008; 72: 489\u2013491, doi:10.1253\/circj.72.489.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.72.489"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"3. Hirata A, Hirata T. Clinical practice for acute heart failure in Japan from the nationwide registry. <i>Circ J<\/i> 2024; 88: 1274\u20131275, doi:10.1253\/circj.CJ-23-0815.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-23-0815"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"4. Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, Alonso A, Beaton AZ, Bittencourt MS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics \u2013 2022 update: A report from the American Heart Association. <i>Circulation<\/i> 2022; 145: e153\u2013e639, doi:10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001052.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001052"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"5. Denfeld QE, Winters-Stone K, Mudd JO, Gelow JM, Kurdi S, Lee CS. The prevalence of frailty in heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. <i>Int J Cardiol<\/i> 2017; 236: 283\u2013289, doi:10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.01.153.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.01.153"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"6. 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Cachexia as a major underestimated and unmet medical need: Facts and numbers. <i>J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle<\/i> 2010; 1: 1\u20135, doi:10.1007\/s13539-010-0002-6.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-010-0002-6"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Anker SD, Ponikowski P, Varney S, Chua TP, Clark AL, Webb-Peploe KM, et al. Wasting as independent risk factor for mortality in chronic heart failure. <i>Lancet<\/i> 1997; 349: 1050\u20131053, doi:10.1016\/s0140-6736(96)07015-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07015-8"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"13. Maekawa E, Noda T, Maeda D, Yamashita M, Uchida S, Hamazaki N, et al. Prognostic impact of cachexia by multi-assessment in older adults with heart failure: FRAGILE-HF cohort study. <i>J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle<\/i> 2023; 14: 2143\u20132151, doi:10.1002\/jcsm.13291.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13291"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"14. 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Ueshima J, Inoue T, Saino Y, Kobayashi H, Murotani K, Mori N, et al. Diagnosis and prevalence of cachexia in Asians: A scoping review. <i>Nutrition<\/i> 2024; 119: 112301, doi:10.1016\/j.nut.2023.112301.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2023.112301"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"18. Arai H, Maeda K, Wakabayashi H, Naito T, Konishi M, Assantachai P, et al. Diagnosis and outcomes of cachexia in Asia: Working consensus report from the Asian Working Group for Cachexia. <i>J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle<\/i> 2023; 14: 1949\u20131958, doi:10.1002\/jcsm.13323.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13323"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"19. Amano K, Okamura S, Baracos VE, Mori N, Sakaguchi T, Uneno Y, et al. 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