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Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, Anderson CAM, Arora P, Avery CL, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics \u2013 2023 update: A report from the American Heart Association. <i>Circulation<\/i> 2023; 147: e93\u2013e621.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001137"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"2. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Bohm M, et al. 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. <i>Eur J Heart Fail<\/i> 2022; 24: 4\u2013131."},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Talha KM, Pandey A, Fudim M, Butler J, Anker SD, Khan MS. Frailty and heart failure: State-of-the-art review. <i>J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle<\/i> 2023; 14: 1959\u20131972.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13306"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Ozaki Y, Uemura Y, Yamaguchi S, Okajima T, Mitsuda T, Ishikawa S, et al. Impact of recurrent heart failure hospitalization on decline in activities of daily living for patients with heart failure and preserved or mildly reduced ejection fraction. <i>Circ Rep<\/i> 2025; 7: 542\u2013546.","DOI":"10.1253\/circrep.CR-25-0056"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Nozaki K, Hamazaki N, Kamiya K, Uchida S, Noda T, Ueno K, et al. Association between walking speed early after admission and all-cause death and\/or re-admission in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. <i>Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs<\/i> 2024; 23: 374\u2013381.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjcn\/zvad092"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Zuo X, Li X, Tang K, Zhao R, Wu M, Wang Y, et al. Sarcopenia and cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. <i>J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle<\/i> 2023; 14: 1183\u20131198.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13221"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Bielecka-Dabrowa A, Ebner N, Rodrigues Dos Santos M, Ishida J, Hasenfuss G, von Haehling S. Cachexia, muscle wasting, and frailty in cardiovascular disease. <i>Eur J Heart Fail<\/i> 2020; 22: 2314\u20132326.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2011"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. von Haehling S, Ebner N, Dos Santos MR, Springer J, Anker SD. Muscle wasting and cachexia in heart failure: Mechanisms and therapies. <i>Nat Rev Cardiol<\/i> 2017; 14: 323\u2013341.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.51"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"9. Lau GHW, Auyeung TW, Joyce E, McDonagh J, Yu KM, Woo J, et al. Consolidating concepts from recent international expert consensus on sarcopenia: Implications for heart failure management. <i>J Card Fail<\/i> 2025, doi:10.1016\/j.cardfail.2025.03.021.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2025.03.021"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Chen LK, Hsiao FY, Akishita M, Assantachai P, Lee WJ, Lim WS, et al. A focus shift from sarcopenia to muscle health in the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2025 Consensus Update. <i>Nat Aging<\/i> 2025; 5: 2164\u20132175.","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-025-01004-y"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Adulkasem N, Vanitcharoenkul E, Chotiyarnwong P, Asavamongkolkul A, Unnanuntana A. Evaluation of the diagnosis accuracy of the AWGS 2019 criteria for \u201cpossible sarcopenia\u201d in Thai community-dwelling older adults. <i>Clin Interv Aging<\/i> 2025; 20: 425\u2013433.","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S513657"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Meng NH, Li CI, Liu CS, Lin CH, Lin WY, Chang CK, et al. Comparison of height- and weight-adjusted sarcopenia in a Taiwanese metropolitan older population. <i>Geriatr Gerontol Int<\/i> 2015; 15: 45\u201353.","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12227"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Fonarow GC, Gattis Stough W, Abraham WT, Albert NM, Gheorghiade M, Greenberg BH, et al. Characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of patients with preserved systolic function hospitalized for heart failure: A report from the OPTIMIZE-HF Registry. <i>J Am Coll Cardiol<\/i> 2007; 50: 768\u2013777.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.04.064"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Kinoshita K, Satake S, Matsui Y, Arai H. Quantifying muscle mass by adjusting for body mass index is the best for discriminating low strength and function in Japanese older outpatients. <i>J Nutr Health Aging<\/i> 2021; 25: 501\u2013506.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-020-1557-3"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Kinoshita K, Satake S, Matsui Y, Arai H. Association between sarcopenia and fall risk according to the muscle mass adjustment method in Japanese older outpatients. <i>J Nutr Health Aging<\/i> 2021; 25: 762\u2013766.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1620-8"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Jones NR, Ordonez-Mena JM, Roalfe AK, Taylor KS, Goyder CR, Hobbs FR, et al. Body mass index and survival in people with heart failure. <i>Heart<\/i> 2023; 109: 1542\u20131549.","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2023-322459"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Seko Y, Kato T, Morimoto T, Yaku H, Inuzuka Y, Tamaki Y, et al. Association between body mass index and prognosis of patients hospitalized with heart failure. <i>Sci Rep<\/i> 2020; 10: 16663.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73640-w"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Hashimoto K, Hirashiki A, Yoshida T, Kawamura K, Ueda I, Kamihara T, et al. Prevalence, characteristics, and prognostic associations of cachexia diagnosed using Asian Working Group for Cachexia 2023 criteria in older adults with heart failure. <i>Circ J<\/i> 2025; 89: 893\u2013900.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-24-0805"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Saito H, Matsue Y, Kamiya K, Kagiyama N, Maeda D, Endo Y, et al. Sarcopenic obesity is associated with impaired physical function and mortality in older patients with heart failure: Insight from FRAGILE-HF. <i>BMC Geriatr<\/i> 2022; 22: 556.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03168-3"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Hu Y, Li Y, Ma H, Sun L, Zhang Y, Wang Y, et al. Prevalence and prognostic differences between sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in heart failure. <i>Am J Cardiol<\/i> 2025; 257: 127\u2013130.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2025.08.031"}],"container-title":["Circulation Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/circj\/90\/6\/90_CJ-26-0025\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T03:22:08Z","timestamp":1780111328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/circj\/90\/6\/90_CJ-26-0025\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1253\/circj.cj-26-0025","relation":{},"ISSN":["1346-9843","1347-4820"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1346-9843","type":"print"},{"value":"1347-4820","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"article-number":"CJ-26-0025"}}