{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T15:22:43Z","timestamp":1792250563682,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Japanese Circulation Society","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Circ J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"DOI":"10.1253\/circj.cj-26-0173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T22:09:48Z","timestamp":1775167788000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Association Between Chronic Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease\u3000\u2015 Focus on High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein \u2015"],"prefix":"10.1253","author":[{"given":"Tomoya","family":"Hara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masataka","family":"Sata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"330","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"1. Collins DR, Tompson AC, Onakpoya IJ, Roberts N, Ward AM, Heneghan CJ. Global cardiovascular risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults: Systematic review of systematic reviews. <i>BMJ Open<\/i> 2017; 7: e013650, doi:10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013650.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013650"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"2. Yoshida Y, Okayama S, Fujihara D, Fukui M, Taniyama M, Yamada A, et al. Wearable device-measured physical activity for predicting hospitalization-associated disability in older patients with heart failure. <i>Circ Rep<\/i> 2026; 8: 68\u201376, doi:10.1253\/circrep.CR-25-0099.","DOI":"10.1253\/circrep.CR-25-0099"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"3. Teramatsu H, Momosaki R, Sato H, Sato S, Kokura Y, Suzuki N. Effects of enhanced nutritional care in heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. <i>Circ Rep<\/i> 2026; 8: 27\u201338, doi:10.1253\/circrep.CR-25-0117.","DOI":"10.1253\/circrep.CR-25-0117"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"4. Kai G, Ogura K, Ueno K, Sato K, Miki T, Noda T, et al. Elevated B-type natriuretic peptide as a predictor of unfavorable outcomes in post-acute stroke patients. <i>Circ Rep<\/i> 2026; 8: 144\u2013152, doi:10.1253\/circrep.CR-25-0132.","DOI":"10.1253\/circrep.CR-25-0132"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"5. Katasako-Yabumoto A, Kataoka Y, Kiyoshige E, Nishimura K, Nicholls SJ, Puri R, et al. Sex differences in polyvascular disease: Implications for lipid-lowering management and cardiovascular outcomes. <i>Circ Rep<\/i> 2025; 7: 1199\u20131210, doi:10.1253\/circrep.CR-25-0178.","DOI":"10.1253\/circrep.CR-25-0178"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"6. Matsumoto I, Mukaida K, Wada K, Kurozumi M, Namba T, Takagi Y. Long-term exposure to high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and clinical course in secondary prevention after coronary artery disease. <i>Circ Rep<\/i> 2025; 7: 1116\u20131124, doi:10.1253\/circrep.CR-25-0091.","DOI":"10.1253\/circrep.CR-25-0091"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"7. Yasuda Y, Ishiguchi H, Yamaguchi M, Murakami K, Kinoshita N, Kato T, et al. Incidence of mid-term prognostic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome during the late 2010 s in 2 tertiary hospitals in a rural area of Japan: A temporal comparison. <i>Circ Rep<\/i> 2023; 5: 198\u2013209, doi:10.1253\/circrep.CR-23-0029.","DOI":"10.1253\/circrep.CR-23-0029"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"8. Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, Buroker AB, Goldberger ZD, Hahn EJ, et al. 2019 ACC\/AHA Guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. <i>Circulation<\/i> 2019; 140: e596\u2013e646, doi:10.1161\/cir.0000000000000678.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000678"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"9. Tokutake D, Akasaki Y, Shinchi S, Uebo S, Kawasoe S, Kubozono T, et al. Association between fatty liver index and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in the general population: A cross-sectional study. <i>Circ Rep<\/i> 2026; 8: 118\u2013126, doi:10.1253\/circrep.CR-25-0218.","DOI":"10.1253\/circrep.CR-25-0218"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"10. Ogawa T, Sato T, Tanaka M, Akiyama Y, Nakata K, Kouzu H, et al. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is an independent risk factor for the development of ischemic heart disease: A 10-year cohort study. <i>Circ Rep<\/i> 2025; 7: 350\u2013358, doi:10.1253\/circrep.CR-25-0019.","DOI":"10.1253\/circrep.CR-25-0019"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"11. Kishi T, Kunikane E, Takagi H, Chen J, Varela L, Ozaki A. Reducing the burden of heart failure in Japan with dapagliflozin: A cost offset model (IMPLICATION HF). <i>Circ Rep<\/i> 2025; 7: 426\u2013432, doi:10.1253\/circrep.CR-25-0022.","DOI":"10.1253\/circrep.CR-25-0022"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"12. Sheng F, Miyawaki K, Osada N, Tanaka S, Liu Z, Shinke T. Efficacy and safety of evolocumab in improving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in a Japanese population: Systematic review and meta-analysis. <i>Circ Rep<\/i> 2025; 7: 886\u2013895, doi:10.1253\/circrep.CR-25-0109.","DOI":"10.1253\/circrep.CR-25-0109"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"13. Seiyama K, Oka A, Miyoshi T, Sudo Y, Takagi W, Ugawa S, et al. Impact of an intensive lipid-lowering therapy protocol on achieving target low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in patients with acute coronary syndrome. <i>Circ Rep<\/i> 2025; 7: 131\u2013138, doi:10.1253\/circrep.CR-24-0071.","DOI":"10.1253\/circrep.CR-24-0071"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"14. Maruo T, Ike A, Takamiya Y, Matsuoka Y, Shigemoto E, Kato Y, et al. Impact of controlling serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides on long-term clinical outcomes in diabetic patients who have undergone percutaneous coronary intervention. <i>Circ Rep<\/i> 2024; 6: 573\u2013582, doi:10.1253\/circrep.CR-24-0081.","DOI":"10.1253\/circrep.CR-24-0081"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"15. Alfaddagh A, Martin SS, Leucker TM, Michos ED, Blaha MJ, Lowenstein CJ, et al. Inflammation and cardiovascular disease: From mechanisms to therapeutics. <i>Am J Prev Cardiol<\/i> 2020; 4: 100130, doi:10.1016\/j.ajpc.2020.100130.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2020.100130"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"16. Wakabayashi K, Suzuki H, Fukumoto Y, Obara H, Kakuma T, Sakuma I, et al. Comorbidities associated with residual cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic coronary syndrome receiving statin therapy: Subanalysis of the REAL-CAD Trial. <i>Circ Rep<\/i> 2022; 4: 422\u2013428, doi:10.1253\/circrep.CR-22-0070.","DOI":"10.1253\/circrep.CR-22-0070"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"17. Fung E, Chan EYS, Ng KH, Yu KM, Li H, Wang Y. Towards clinical application of GlycA and GlycB for early detection of inflammation associated with (pre)diabetes and cardiovascular disease: Recent evidence and updates. <i>J Inflamm (Lond)<\/i> 2023; 20: 32, doi:10.1186\/s12950-023-00358-7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-023-00358-7"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Ridker PM, Everett BM, Thuren T, MacFadyen JG, Chang WH, Ballantyne C, et al. Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease. <i>N Engl J Med<\/i> 2017; 377: 1119\u20131131, doi:10.1056\/NEJMoa1707914.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707914"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Tardif JC, Kouz S, Waters DD, Bertrand OF, Diaz R, Maggioni AP, et al. Efficacy and safety of low-dose colchicine after myocardial infarction. <i>N Engl J Med<\/i> 2019; 381: 2497\u20132505.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912388"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"20. Liu T, Shimizu Y, Ota H, Hayashi T, Luo H, Che Y, et al. Allogenic mitochondria and associated organelle complex treatment attenuates high-fat diet-induced adipose tissue remodeling. <i>Circ Rep<\/i> 2025; 7: 661\u2013669, doi:10.1253\/circrep.CR-25-0045.","DOI":"10.1253\/circrep.CR-25-0045"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"21. Okawa H, Yamawaki-Ogata A, Narita Y, Mutsuga M. Effect of oral administration of colchicine on progression of aortic aneurysm in mice. <i>Circ J<\/i> 2025; 89: 1874\u20131883, doi:10.1253\/circj.CJ-24-0854.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-24-0854"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"22. Kadowaki H, Akazawa H, Shindo A, Ueda T, Ishida J, Komuro I. Shared and reciprocal mechanisms between heart failure and cancer: An emerging concept of heart-cancer axis. <i>Circ J<\/i> 2024; 88: 182\u2013188, doi:10.1253\/circj.CJ-23-0838.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-23-0838"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"23. Shah T, Newcombe P, Smeeth L, Addo J, Casas JP, Whittaker J, et al. Ancestry as a determinant of mean population C-reactive protein values: Implications for cardiovascular risk prediction. <i>Circ Cardiovasc Genet<\/i> 2010; 3: 436\u2013444, doi:10.1161\/circgenetics.110.957431.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.110.957431"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"24. Wada H, Dohi T, Miyauchi K, Doi S, Naito R, Konishi H, et al. Independent and combined effects of serum albumin and C-reactive protein on long-term outcomes of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. <i>Circ J<\/i> 2017; 81: 1293\u20131300, doi:10.1253\/circj.CJ-17-0124.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-17-0124"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"25. Vrints C, Andreotti F, Koskinas KC, Rossello X, Adamo M, Ainslie J, et al. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of chronic coronary syndromes. <i>Eur Heart J<\/i> 2024; 45: 3415\u20133537, doi:10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae177.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae177"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"26. Marx N, Komuro I, Prasad P, Qian J, Saraiva JFK, Zonoozi AAM, et al. Awareness and perceptions towards the role of systemic inflammation and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein as a biomarker in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease: The multinational FLAME-ASCVD survey amongst cardiologists. <i>Glob Heart<\/i> 2024; 19: 98, doi:10.5334\/gh.1382.","DOI":"10.5334\/gh.1382"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"27. Ridker PM, Rane M. Interleukin-6 signaling and anti-interleukin-6 therapeutics in cardiovascular disease. <i>Circ Res<\/i> 2021; 128: 1728\u20131746, doi:10.1161\/circresaha.121.319077.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319077"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"28. Takahashi M. NLRP3 inflammasome as a common denominator of atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm. <i>Circ J<\/i> 2021; 85: 2129\u20132136, doi:10.1253\/circj.CJ-21-0258.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-21-0258"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"29. Taufiq F, Li P, Miake J, Hisatome I. Hyperuricemia as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation due to soluble and crystalized uric acid. <i>Circ Rep<\/i> 2019; 1: 469\u2013473, doi:10.1253\/circrep.CR-19-0088.","DOI":"10.1253\/circrep.CR-19-0088"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"30. Ridker PM, Bhatt DL, Pradhan AD, Glynn RJ, MacFadyen JG, Nissen SE. Inflammation and cholesterol as predictors of cardiovascular events among patients receiving statin therapy: A collaborative analysis of three randomised trials. <i>Lancet<\/i> 2023; 401: 1293\u20131301, doi:10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)00215-5.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00215-5"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"31. Arvunescu AM, Ionescu RF, Cretoiu SM, Dumitrescu SI, Zaharia O, Nanea IT. Inflammation in heart failure: Future perspectives. <i>J Clin Med<\/i> 2023; 12: 7738, doi:10.3390\/jcm12247738.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12247738"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"32. Zacho J, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Jensen JS, Grande P, Sillesen H, Nordestgaard BG. Genetically elevated C-reactive protein and ischemic vascular disease. <i>N Engl J Med<\/i> 2008; 359: 1897\u20131908, doi:10.1056\/NEJMoa0707402.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707402"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"33. Sarwar N, Butterworth AS, Freitag DF, Gregson J, Willeit P, Gorman DN, et al. Interleukin-6 receptor pathways in coronary heart disease: A collaborative meta-analysis of 82 studies. <i>Lancet<\/i> 2012; 379: 1205\u20131213, doi:10.1016\/s0140-6736(11)61931-4.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61931-4"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"34. Gupta L, Thomas J, Ravichandran R, Singh M, Nag A, Panjiyar BK. Inflammation in cardiovascular disease: A comprehensive review of biomarkers and therapeutic targets. <i>Cureus<\/i> 2023; 15: e45483, doi:10.7759\/cureus.45483.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.45483"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35. Guarner V, Rubio-Ruiz ME. Low-grade systemic inflammation connects aging, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. <i>Interdiscip Top Gerontol<\/i> 2015; 40: 99\u2013106, doi:10.1159\/000364934.","DOI":"10.1159\/000364934"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"36. Burger PM, Koudstaal S, Mosterd A, Fiolet ATL, Teraa M, van der Meer MG, et al. C-reactive protein and risk of incident heart failure in patients with cardiovascular disease. <i>J Am Coll Cardiol<\/i> 2023; 82: 414\u2013426, doi:10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.05.035.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.05.035"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"37. Kuller LH, Tracy RP, Shaten J, Meilahn EN. Relation of C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease in the MRFIT nested case-control study: Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. <i>Am J Epidemiol<\/i> 1996; 144: 537\u2013547, doi:10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008963.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008963"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"38. Liu Y, Guan S, Xu H, Zhang N, Huang M, Liu Z. Inflammation biomarkers are associated with the incidence of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis. <i>Front Cardiovasc Med<\/i> 2023; 10: 1175174, doi:10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1175174.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1175174"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"39. Reina-Couto M, Pereira-Terra P, Quelhas-Santos J, Silva-Pereira C, Albino-Teixeira A, Sousa T. Inflammation in human heart failure: Major mediators and therapeutic targets. <i>Front Physiol<\/i> 2021; 12: 746494, doi:10.3389\/fphys.2021.746494.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.746494"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"40. Martinez BK, White CM. The emerging role of inflammation in cardiovascular disease. <i>Ann Pharmacother<\/i> 2018; 52: 801\u2013809, doi:10.1177\/1060028018765939.","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028018765939"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"41. Minami Y, Kajimoto K, Sato N, Hagiwara N, Takano T. C-reactive protein level on admission and time to and cause of death in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure. <i>Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes<\/i> 2017; 3: 148\u2013156, doi:10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcw054.","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcw054"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"42. Sethwala AM, Goh I, Amerena JV. Combating inflammation in cardiovascular disease. <i>Heart Lung Circ<\/i> 2021; 30: 197\u2013206, doi:10.1016\/j.hlc.2020.09.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2020.09.003"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"43. Garofalo M, Corso R, Tomasoni D, Adamo M, Lombardi CM, Inciardi RM, et al. Inflammation in acute heart failure. <i>Front Cardiovasc Med<\/i> 2023; 10: 1235178, doi:10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1235178.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1235178"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"44. Dinh KM, Kaspersen KA, Mikkelsen S, Pedersen OB, Petersen MS, Th\u00f8rner LW, et al. Low-grade inflammation is negatively associated with physical health-related quality of life in healthy individuals: Results from The Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS). <i>PLoS One<\/i> 2019; 14: e0214468, doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0214468.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214468"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"45. Bonnet F, Scheen AJ. Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on systemic and tissue low-grade inflammation: The potential contribution to diabetes complications and cardiovascular disease. <i>Diabetes Metab<\/i> 2018; 44: 457\u2013464, doi:10.1016\/j.diabet.2018.09.005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2018.09.005"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"46. Ridker PM, MacFadyen JG, Everett BM, Libby P, Thuren T, Glynn RJ. Relationship of C-reactive protein reduction to cardiovascular event reduction following treatment with canakinumab: A secondary analysis from the CANTOS randomised controlled trial. <i>Lancet<\/i> 2018; 391: 319\u2013328, doi:10.1016\/s0140-6736(17)32814-3.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32814-3"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"47. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM Jr, Kastelein JJ, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. <i>N Engl J Med<\/i> 2008; 359: 2195\u20132207, doi:10.1056\/NEJMoa0807646.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0807646"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"48. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM Jr, Kastelein JJ, et al. Reduction in C-reactive protein and LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular event rates after initiation of rosuvastatin: A prospective study of the JUPITER trial. <i>Lancet<\/i> 2009; 373: 1175\u20131182, doi:10.1016\/s0140-6736(09)60447-5.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60447-5"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"49. Kjekshus J, Apetrei E, Barrios V, B\u00f6hm M, Cleland JG, Cornel JH, et al. Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure. <i>N Engl J Med<\/i> 2007; 357: 2248\u20132261, doi:10.1056\/NEJMoa0706201.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706201"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"50. McMurray JJ, Kjekshus J, Gullestad L, Dunselman P, Hjalmarson A, Wedel H, et al. Effects of statin therapy according to plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentration in the Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in Heart Failure (CORONA): A retrospective analysis. <i>Circulation<\/i> 2009; 120: 2188\u20132196, doi:10.1161\/circulationaha.109.849117.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.849117"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"51. Briasoulis A, Androulakis E, Christophides T, Tousoulis D. The role of inflammation and cell death in the pathogenesis, progression and treatment of heart failure. <i>Heart Fail Rev<\/i> 2016; 21: 169\u2013176, doi:10.1007\/s10741-016-9533-z.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-016-9533-z"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"52. Gijsberts CM, den Ruijter HM, Asselbergs FW, Chan MY, de Kleijn DP, Hoefer IE. Biomarkers of coronary artery disease differ between Asians and Caucasians in the general population. <i>Glob Heart<\/i> 2015; 10: 301\u2013311.e311, doi:10.1016\/j.gheart.2014.11.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2014.11.004"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"53. Iso H, Cui R, Date C, Kikuchi S, Tamakoshi A. C-reactive protein levels and risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease in Japanese: The JACC study. <i>Atherosclerosis<\/i> 2009; 207: 291\u2013297, doi:10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2009.04.020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2009.04.020"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"54. Iwata H, Miyauchi K, Naito R, Iimuro S, Ozaki Y, Sakuma I, et al. Significance of persistent inflammation in patients with chronic coronary syndrome: Insights from the REAL-CAD study. <i>JACC Adv<\/i> 2024; 3: 100996, doi:10.1016\/j.jacadv.2024.100996.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacadv.2024.100996"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"55. Koeda Y, Nakamura M, Tanaka F, Onoda T, Itai K, Tanno K, et al. Serum C-reactive protein levels and death and cardiovascular events in mild to moderate chronic kidney disease. <i>Int Heart J<\/i> 2011; 52: 180\u2013184, doi:10.1536\/ihj.52.180.","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.52.180"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"56. Saito I, Maruyama K, Eguchi E. C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease in East Asians: A systematic review. <i>Clin Med Insights Cardiol<\/i> 2014; 8: 35\u201342, doi:10.4137\/cmc.S17066.","DOI":"10.4137\/CMC.S17066"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"57. Chei CL, Yamagishi K, Kitamura A, Kiyama M, Imano H, Ohira T, et al. C-reactive protein levels and risk of stroke and its subtype in Japanese: The Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS). <i>Atherosclerosis<\/i> 2011; 217: 187\u2013193, doi:10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.03.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.03.001"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"58. Nohara-Shitama Y, Adachi H, Shimoyama M, Takubo H, Sato H, Morikawa N, et al. Combined monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein predict mortality rates in the general population: Evidence from a community-based cohort in Japan. <i>Circ J<\/i> 2026, doi:10.1253\/circj.CJ-25-0884.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-25-0884"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"59. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer MA, Sacks FM, Moye LA, Goldman S, et al. Inflammation, pravastatin, and the risk of coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels: Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Investigators. <i>Circulation<\/i> 1998; 98: 839\u2013844, doi:10.1161\/01.cir.98.9.839.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.9.839"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"60. Bonsu KO, Reidpath DD, Kadirvelu A. Effects of statin treatment on inflammation and cardiac function in heart failure: An adjusted indirect comparison meta-analysis of randomized trials. <i>Cardiovasc Ther<\/i> 2015; 33: 338\u2013346, doi:10.1111\/1755-5922.12150.","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-5922.12150"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"61. Bohula EA, Giugliano RP, Cannon CP, Zhou J, Murphy SA, White JA, et al. Achievement of dual low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein targets more frequent with the addition of ezetimibe to simvastatin and associated with better outcomes in IMPROVE-IT. <i>Circulation<\/i> 2015; 132: 1224\u20131233, doi:10.1161\/circulationaha.115.018381.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018381"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"62. Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, Brinton EA, Jacobson TA, Ketchum SB, et al. Cardiovascular risk reduction with icosapent ethyl for hypertriglyceridemia. <i>N Engl J Med<\/i> 2019; 380: 11\u201322, doi:10.1056\/NEJMoa1812792.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812792"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"63. Fliser D, Buchholz K, Haller H. Antiinflammatory effects of angiotensin II subtype 1 receptor blockade in hypertensive patients with microinflammation. <i>Circulation<\/i> 2004; 110: 1103\u20131107, doi:10.1161\/01.Cir.0000140265.21608.8e.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000140265.21608.8E"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"64. Wang D, Liu J, Zhong L, Li S, Zhou L, Zhang Q, et al. The effect of sodium \u2013 glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on biomarkers of inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. <i>Front Pharmacol<\/i> 2022; 13: 1045235, doi:10.3389\/fphar.2022.1045235.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1045235"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"65. Wu Y, Lu Y, Yang S, Zhang Q. Effects of incretin-based therapy on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. <i>Rev Invest Clin<\/i> 2020; 73: 100\u2013110, doi:10.24875\/ric.20000308.","DOI":"10.24875\/RIC.20000308"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"66. Ren Y, Chen Y, Zheng W, Kong W, Liao Y, Zhang J, et al. The effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists on circulating inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. <i>Diabetes Obes Metab<\/i> 2025; 27: 3607\u20133626, doi:10.1111\/dom.16366.","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16366"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"67. do Nascimento DM, Bock PM, Nemetz B, Goldraich LA, Schaan BD. Meta-analysis of physical training on natriuretic peptides and inflammation in heart failure. <i>Am J Cardiol<\/i> 2022; 178: 60\u201371, doi:10.1016\/j.amjcard.2022.05.012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2022.05.012"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"68. Aikawa H, Fujino M, Nakao K, Kanaoka K, Sumita Y, Miyamoto Y, et al. Nationwide trends in idiopathic pericarditis management and outcomes in Japan: A nationwide JROAD-DPC analysis. <i>Circ J<\/i> 2025; 89: 973\u2013981, doi:10.1253\/circj.CJ-24-0697.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-24-0697"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"69. Karasawa T, Takahashi M. Colchicine as a potential anti-inflammatory strategy for aortic aneurysm. <i>Circ J<\/i> 2025; 89: 1884\u20131885, doi:10.1253\/circj.CJ-25-0703.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-25-0703"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"70. Fujisue K, Sugamura K, Kurokawa H, Matsubara J, Ishii M, Izumiya Y, et al. Colchicine improves survival, left ventricular remodeling, and chronic cardiac function after acute myocardial infarction. <i>Circ J<\/i> 2017; 81: 1174\u20131182, doi:10.1253\/circj.CJ-16-0949.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-16-0949"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"71. Abrantes AM, Nogueira-Garcia B, Alves M, Teixeira Passos D, Brito D, Pinto FJ, et al. Low-dose colchicine in coronary artery disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. <i>Circ Rep<\/i> 2021; 3: 457\u2013464, doi:10.1253\/circrep.CR-21-0065.","DOI":"10.1253\/circrep.CR-21-0065"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"72. Nidorf SM, Fiolet ATL, Mosterd A, Eikelboom JW, Schut A, Opstal TSJ, et al. Colchicine in patients with chronic coronary disease. <i>N Engl J Med<\/i> 2020; 383: 1838\u20131847, doi:10.1056\/NEJMoa2021372.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021372"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"73. Tong DC, Quinn S, Nasis A, Hiew C, Roberts-Thomson P, Adams H, et al. Colchicine in patients with acute coronary syndrome: The Australian COPS randomized clinical trial. <i>Circulation<\/i> 2020; 142: 1890\u20131900, doi:10.1161\/circulationaha.120.050771.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050771"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"74. Tong DC, Bloom JE, Quinn S, Nasis A, Hiew C, Roberts-Thomson P, et al. Colchicine in patients with acute coronary syndrome: Two-year follow-up of the Australian COPS randomized clinical trial. <i>Circulation<\/i> 2021; 144: 1584\u20131586, doi:10.1161\/circulationaha.121.054610.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.054610"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"75. Jolly SS, d\u2019Entremont MA, Lee SF, Mian R, Tyrwhitt J, Kedev S, et al. Colchicine in acute myocardial infarction. <i>N Engl J Med<\/i> 2025; 392: 633\u2013642, doi:10.1056\/NEJMoa2405922.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2405922"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"76. Kelly P, Lemmens R, Weimar C, Walsh C, Purroy F, Barber M, et al. Long-term colchicine for the prevention of vascular recurrent events in non-cardioembolic stroke (CONVINCE): A randomised controlled trial. <i>Lancet<\/i> 2024; 404: 125\u2013133, doi:10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)00968-1.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00968-1"},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"77. Li J, Meng X, Shi FD, Jing J, Gu HQ, Jin A, et al. Colchicine in patients with acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (CHANCE-3): Multicentre, double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial. <i>BMJ<\/i> 2024; 385: e079061, doi:10.1136\/bmj-2023-079061.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-079061"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"78. Ridker PM, Everett BM, Pradhan A, MacFadyen JG, Solomon DH, Zaharris E, et al. Low-dose methotrexate for the prevention of atherosclerotic events. <i>N Engl J Med<\/i> 2019; 380: 752\u2013762, doi:10.1056\/NEJMoa1809798.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809798"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"79. Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L, et al. 2019 ESC\/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: Lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. <i>Eur Heart J<\/i> 2020; 41: 111\u2013188, doi:10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz455.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz455"},{"key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"80. Kinoshita M, Yokote K, Arai H, Iida M, Ishigaki Y, Ishibashi S, et al. Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) Guidelines for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases 2017. <i>J Atheroscler Thromb<\/i> 2018; 25: 846\u2013984, doi:10.5551\/jat.GL2017.","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.GL2017"},{"key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"81. Hoogeveen RC, Ballantyne CM. Residual cardiovascular risk at low LDL: Remnants, lipoprotein(a), and inflammation. <i>Clin Chem<\/i> 2021; 67: 143\u2013153, doi:10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa252.","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa252"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"82. Okamura T, Tsukamoto K, Arai H, Fujioka Y, Ishigaki Y, Koba S, et al. Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guidelines for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases 2022. <i>J Atheroscler Thromb<\/i> 2024; 31: 641\u2013853, doi:10.5551\/jat.GL2022.","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.GL2022"},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"83. Mensah GA, Arnold N, Prabhu SD, Ridker PM, Welty FK. Inflammation and cardiovascular disease: 2025 ACC scientific statement: A report of the American College of Cardiology. <i>J Am Coll Cardiol<\/i> 2025, doi:10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.08.047.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.08.047"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"84. Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, Carballo D, Koskinas KC, B\u00e4ck M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. <i>Eur Heart J<\/i> 2021; 42: 3227\u20133337.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab484"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"85. Roman YM, Hernandez AV, White CM. The role of suppressing inflammation in the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. <i>Ann Pharmacother<\/i> 2020; 54: 1021\u20131029, doi:10.1177\/1060028020922994.","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028020922994"},{"key":"86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"86. Khorsandi M, Mhaimeed O, Dzaye O, Tasdighi E, Alexander GC, Blaha MJ. Brief report: U.S. trends in use of colchicine by cardiologists and other specialties, 2018 to 2024. <i>Am Heart J<\/i> 2025; 279: 76\u201380, doi:10.1016\/j.ahj.2024.10.011.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2024.10.011"},{"key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"87. Chertow GM, Chang AM, Felker GM, Heise M, Velkoska E, Fellstr\u00f6m B, et al. IL-6 inhibition with clazakizumab in patients receiving maintenance dialysis: A randomized Phase 2b trial. <i>Nat Med<\/i> 2024; 30: 2328\u20132336, doi:10.1038\/s41591-024-03043-1.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03043-1"},{"key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"88. Ridker PM, Devalaraja M, Baeres FMM, Engelmann MDM, Hovingh GK, Ivkovic M, et al. IL-6 inhibition with ziltivekimab in patients at high atherosclerotic risk (RESCUE): A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, Phase 2 trial. <i>Lancet<\/i> 2021; 397: 2060\u20132069, doi:10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)00520-1.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00520-1"},{"key":"89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"89. Wada Y, Jensen C, Meyer ASP, Zonoozi AAM, Honda H. Efficacy and safety of interleukin-6 inhibition with ziltivekimab in patients at high risk of atherosclerotic events in Japan (RESCUE-2): A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase 2 trial. <i>J Cardiol<\/i> 2023; 82: 279\u2013285, doi:10.1016\/j.jjcc.2023.05.006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2023.05.006"},{"key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"90. Ridker PM, Baeres FMM, Hveplund A, Engelmann MMD, Hovingh GK, Lincoff AM, et al. Rationale, design, and baseline clinical characteristics of the ziltivekimab cardiovascular outcomes trial: Interleukin-6 inhibition and atherosclerotic event rate reduction. <i>JAMA Cardiol<\/i> 2026; 11: 89\u201397, doi:10.1001\/jamacardio.2025.4491.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2025.4491"},{"key":"91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"91. Everett BM, Cornel JH, Lainscak M, Anker SD, Abbate A, Thuren T, et al. Anti-inflammatory therapy with canakinumab for the prevention of hospitalization for heart failure. <i>Circulation<\/i> 2019; 139: 1289\u20131299, doi:10.1161\/circulationaha.118.038010.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038010"}],"container-title":["Circulation Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/circj\/advpub\/0\/advpub_CJ-26-0173\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T03:22:19Z","timestamp":1775272939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/circj\/advpub\/0\/advpub_CJ-26-0173\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"references-count":91,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1253\/circj.cj-26-0173","relation":{},"ISSN":["1346-9843","1347-4820"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1346-9843","type":"print"},{"value":"1347-4820","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"article-number":"CJ-26-0173"}}