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Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, Anderson CAM, Arora P, Avery CL, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2023 update: A report from the American Heart Association. <i>Circulation<\/i> 2023; 147: e93\u2013e621.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001137"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"2. Authors\/Task Force Members; McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, B\u00f6hm M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. <i>Eur J Heart Fail<\/i> 2022; 24: 4\u2013131."},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Talha KM, Pandey A, Fudim M, Butler J, Anker SD, Khan MS. Frailty and heart failure: State-of-the-art review. <i>J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle<\/i> 2023; 14: 1959\u20131972.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13306"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Ozaki Y, Uemura Y, Yamaguchi S, Okajima T, Mitsuda T, Ishikawa S, et al. Impact of recurrent heart failure hospitalization on decline in activities of daily living for patients with heart failure and preserved or mildly reduced ejection fraction. <i>Circ Rep<\/i> 2025; 7: 542\u2013546.","DOI":"10.1253\/circrep.CR-25-0056"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Zuo X, Li X, Tang K, Zhao R, Wu M, Wang Y, et al. Sarcopenia and cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. <i>J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle<\/i> 2023; 14: 1183\u20131198.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13221"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Bielecka-Dabrowa A, Ebner N, Dos Santos MR, Ishida J, Hasenfuss G, von Haehling S. Cachexia, muscle wasting, and frailty in cardiovascular disease. <i>Eur J Heart Fail<\/i> 2020; 22: 2314\u20132326.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2011"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. von Haehling S, Ebner N, Dos Santos MR, Springer J, Anker SD. Muscle wasting and cachexia in heart failure: Mechanisms and therapies. <i>Nat Rev Cardiol<\/i> 2017; 14: 323\u2013341.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.51"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Lau GHW, Auyeung TW, Joyce E, McDonagh J, Yu KM, Woo J, et al. Consolidating concepts from recent international expert consensus on sarcopenia: Implications for heart failure management. <i>J Card Fail<\/i> 2026; 32: 1257\u20131266.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2025.03.021"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Chen LK, Hsiao FY, Akishita M, Assantachai P, Lee WJ, Lim WS, et al. A focus shift from sarcopenia to muscle health in the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2025 consensus update. <i>Nat Aging<\/i> 2025; 5: 2164\u20132175.","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-025-01004-y"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Donini LM, Busetto L, Bischoff SC, Cederholm T, Ballesteros-Pomar MD, Batsis JA, et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity: ESPEN and EASO consensus statement. <i>Obes Facts<\/i> 2022; 15: 321\u2013335.","DOI":"10.1159\/000521241"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Fonseca G, Dos Santos MR, de Souza FR, Takayama L, Rodrigues Pereira RM, Negr\u00e3o CE, et al. Discriminating sarcopenia in overweight\/obese male patients with heart failure: The influence of body mass index. <i>ESC Heart Fail<\/i> 2020; 7: 84\u201391.","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12545"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Hu Y, Li Y, Ma H, Sun L, Zhang Y, Wang Y, et al. Prevalence and prognostic differences between sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in heart failure. <i>Am J Cardiol<\/i> 2025; 257: 127\u2013130.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2025.08.031"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Saito H, Matsue Y, Kamiya K, Kagiyama N, Maeda D, Endo Y, et al. Sarcopenic obesity is associated with impaired physical function and mortality in older patients with heart failure: Insight from FRAGILE-HF. <i>BMC Geriatr<\/i> 2022; 22: 556.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03168-3"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Ozaki Y, Uemura Y, Honda S, Kondo T, Kazama S, Takemoto K, et al. Height- and body mass index-based sarcopenia-pognostic and functional implications in older patients hospitalized for heart failure. <i>Circ J<\/i> 2026; 90: 681\u2013690.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-26-0025"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, Auyeung TW, Chou MY, Iijima K, et al. Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment. <i>J Am Med Dir Assoc<\/i> 2020; 21: 300\u2013307.e2.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.12.012"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Peterson PN, Rumsfeld JS, Liang L, Albert NM, Hernandez AF, Peterson ED, et al. A validated risk score for in-hospital mortality in patients with heart failure from the American Heart Association Get With The Guidelines program. <i>Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes<\/i> 2010; 3: 25\u201332.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.854877"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Suzuki S, Yoshihisa A, Sato Y, Kanno Y, Watanabe S, Abe S, et al. Clinical significance of Get With the Guidelines-Heart Failure Risk score in patients with chronic heart failure after hospitalization. <i>J Am Heart Assoc<\/i> 2018; 7: e008316.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.008316"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Jones NR, Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez-Mena JM, Roalfe AK, Taylor KS, Goyder CR, Hobbs FR, et al. Body mass index and survival in people with heart failure. <i>Heart<\/i> 2023; 109: 1542\u20131549.","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2023-322459"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Hashimoto K, Hirashiki A, Yoshida T, Kawamura K, Ueda I, Kamihara T, et al. Prevalence, characteristics, and prognostic associations of cachexia diagnosed using Asian Working Group for Cachexia 2023 criteria in older adults with heart failure. <i>Circ J<\/i> 2025; 89: 893\u2013900.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-24-0805"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Seko Y, Kato T, Morimoto T, Yaku H, Inuzuka Y, Tamaki Y, et al. Association between body mass index and prognosis of patients hospitalized with heart failure. <i>Sci Rep<\/i> 2020; 10: 16663.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73640-w"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Biltz NK, Collins KH, Shen KC, Schwartz K, Harris CA, Meyer GA. Infiltration of intramuscular adipose tissue impairs skeletal muscle contraction. <i>J Physiol<\/i> 2020; 598: 2669\u20132683.","DOI":"10.1113\/JP279595"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. Peikert A, Vaduganathan M, Claggett BL, Kulac IJ, Litwin S, Zile M, et al. Near-universal prevalence of central adiposity in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: The PARAGON-HF trial. <i>Eur Heart J<\/i> 2025; 46: 2372\u20132390.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf057"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. Wilhelmsen A, Tsintzas K, Jones SW. Recent advances and future avenues in understanding the role of adipose tissue cross talk in mediating skeletal muscle mass and function with ageing. <i>Geroscience<\/i> 2021; 43: 85\u2013110.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-021-00322-4"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24. Kosiborod MN, Petrie MC, Borlaug BA, Butler J, Davies MJ, Hovingh GK, et al. Semaglutide in patients with obesity-related heart failure and type 2 diabetes. <i>N Engl J Med<\/i> 2024; 390: 1394\u20131407.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2313917"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25. Packer M, Zile MR, Kramer CM, Baum SJ, Litwin SE, Menon V, et al. 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