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Kitai T, Kohsaka S, Kato T, Kato E, Sato K, Teramoto K, et al. JCS\/JHFS 2025 Guideline on diagnosis and treatment of heart failure. <i>Circ J<\/i> 2025; 89: 1278\u20131444.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-25-0002"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Goodlin SJ. Palliative care in congestive heart failure. <i>J Am Coll Cardiol<\/i> 2009; 54: 386\u2013396.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.02.078"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Okura Y, Ramadan MM, Ohno Y, Mitsuma W, Tanaka K, Ito M, et al. Impending epidemic: Future projection of heart failure in Japan to the year 2055. <i>Circ J<\/i> 2008; 72: 489\u2013491.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.72.489"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Reeves GR, Whellan DJ, Patel MJ, O\u2019Connor CM, Duncan P, Eggebeen JD, et al. Comparison of frequency of frailty and severely impaired physical function in patients \u226560 years hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure versus chronic stable heart failure with reduced and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. <i>Am J Cardiol<\/i> 2016; 117: 1953\u20131958.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.03.046"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"5. Yaku H, Kato T, Morimoto T, Inuzuka Y, Tamaki Y, Ozasa N, et al. Risk factors and clinical outcomes of functional decline during hospitalisation in very old patients with acute decompensated heart failure: An observational study. <i>BMJ Open<\/i> 2020; 10: e032674, doi:10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-032674.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-032674"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"6. Kitai T, Shimogai T, Tang WHW, Iwata K, Xanthopoulos A, Otsuka S, et al. Short physical performance battery vs. 6-minute walking test in hospitalized elderly patients with heart failure. <i>Eur Heart J Open<\/i> 2021; 1: oeab006, doi:10.1093\/ehjopen\/oeab006.","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjopen\/oeab006"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Matsue Y, Kamiya K, Saito H, Saito K, Ogasahara Y, Maekawa E, et al. Prevalence and prognostic impact of the coexistence of multiple frailty domains in elderly patients with heart failure: The FRAGILE-HF cohort study. <i>Eur J Heart Fail<\/i> 2020; 22: 2112\u20132119.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1926"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Tsuchida K, Fujihara Y, Hiroki J, Hakamata T, Sakai R, Nishida K, et al. Significance of sarcopenia evaluation in acute decompensated heart failure. <i>Int Heart J<\/i> 2018; 59: 143\u2013148.","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.17-057"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"9. La Rovere MT, Traversi E. Role and efficacy of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with heart failure. <i>Monaldi Arch Chest Dis<\/i> 2019, doi:10.4081\/monaldi.2019.1027.","DOI":"10.4081\/monaldi.2019.1027"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Lo AX, Donnelly JP, McGwin G Jr, Bittner V, Ahmed A, Brown CJ. Impact of gait speed and instrumental activities of daily living on all-cause mortality in adults \u226565 years with heart failure. <i>Am J Cardiol<\/i> 2015; 115: 797\u2013801.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2014.12.044"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Yates T, Zaccardi F, Dhalwani NN, Davies MJ, Bakrania K, Celis-Morales CA, et al. Association of walking pace and handgrip strength with all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: A UK Biobank observational study. <i>Eur Heart J<\/i> 2017; 38: 3232\u20133240.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx449"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Kamiya K, Masuda T, Tanaka S, Hamazaki N, Matsue Y, Mezzani A, et al. Quadriceps strength as a predictor of mortality in coronary artery disease. <i>Am J Med<\/i> 2015; 128: 1212\u20131219.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2015.06.035"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Pieper CF, Leveille SG, Markides KS, Ostir GV, et al. Lower extremity function and subsequent disability: Consistency across studies, predictive models, and value of gait speed alone compared with the short physical performance battery. <i>J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci<\/i> 2000; 55: M221\u2013M231.","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/55.4.M221"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Ueno K, Ko T, Suzuki Y, Kaneko H, Kamiya K, Okada A, et al. Frailty and its components and cardiovascular outcomes in older adults: A nationwide epidemiological study. <i>Geriatr Gerontol Int<\/i> 2025; 25: 1239\u20131246.","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.70139"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Tsutsui H, Isobe M, Ito H, Okumura K, Ono M, Kitakaze M, et al. JCS 2017\/JHFS 2017 Guideline on diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Digest version. <i>Circ J<\/i> 2019; 83: 2084\u20132184.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-19-0342"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, Auyeung TW, Chou MY, Iijima K, et al. Asian working group for sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment. <i>J Am Med Dir Assoc<\/i> 2020; 21: 300\u2013307.e2.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.12.012"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Yamada K, Furuya R, Takita T, Maruyama Y, Yamaguchi Y, Ohkawa S, et al. Simplified nutritional screening tools for patients on maintenance hemodialysis. <i>Am J Clin Nutr<\/i> 2008; 87: 106\u2013113.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.1.106"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Bouillanne O, Morineau G, Dupont C, Coulombel I, Vincent JP, Nicolis I, et al. Geriatric nutritional risk index: A new index for evaluating at-risk elderly medical patients. <i>Am J Clin Nutr<\/i> 2005; 82: 777\u2013783.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.4.777"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Izawa H, Yoshida T, Ikegame T, Izawa KP, Ito Y, Okamura H, et al. Standard cardiac rehabilitation program for heart failure. <i>Circ J<\/i> 2019; 83: 2394\u20132398.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-19-0670"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Nozaki K, Hamazaki N, Kamiya K, Uchida S, Noda T, Ueno K, et al. Association between walking speed early after admission and all-cause death and\/or re-admission in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. <i>Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs<\/i> 2024; 23: 374\u2013381.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjcn\/zvad092"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Guralnik JM, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L, Glynn RJ, Berkman LF, Blazer DG, et al. A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: Association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. <i>J Gerontol<\/i> 1994; 49: M85\u2013M94.","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/49.2.M85"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories. ATS statement: Guidelines for the six-minute walk test. <i>Am J Respir Crit Care Med<\/i> 2002; 166: 111\u2013117.","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.166.1.at1102"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. Rinaldo L, Caligari M, Acquati C, Nicolazzi S, Paracchini G, Sardano D, et al. Functional capacity assessment and minimal clinically important difference in post-acute cardiac patients: The role of short physical performance battery. <i>Eur J Prev Cardiol<\/i> 2022; 29: 1008\u20131014.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwab044"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24. Pandey A, Kitzman DW, Nelson MB, Pastva AM, Duncan P, Whellan DJ, et al. Frailty and effects of a multidomain physical rehabilitation intervention among older patients hospitalized for acute heart failure: A secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. <i>JAMA Cardiol<\/i> 2023; 8: 167\u2013176.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2022.4903"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25. Mart\u00ednez-Velilla N, Casas-Herrero A, Zambom-Ferraresi F, S\u00e1ez de Asteasu ML, Lucia A, Galbete A, et al. Effect of exercise intervention on functional decline in very elderly patients during acute hospitalization: A randomized clinical trial. <i>JAMA Intern Med<\/i> 2019; 179: 28\u201336.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.4869"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26. Nakaya Y, Akamatsu M, Yakushiji K, Ogimoto A, Kitaoka H. Age-specific changes in physical function in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. <i>Int Heart J<\/i> 2025; 66: 66\u201373.","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.24-168"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27. Nakaya Y, Akamatsu M, Ogimoto A, Kitaoka H. Early cardiac rehabilitation for acute decompensated heart failure safely improves physical function (PEARL study): A randomized controlled trial. <i>Eur J Phys Rehabil Med<\/i> 2021; 57: 985\u2013993.","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.21.06727-7"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"28. Pavasini R, Guralnik J, Brown JC, di Bari M, Cesari M, Landi F, et al. 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Physical functional performance and prognosis in patients with heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. <i>BMC Cardiovasc Disord<\/i> 2020; 20: 512, doi:10.1186\/s12872-020-01725-5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-020-01725-5"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"32. L\u00f3pez-Garc\u00eda L, Lorenzo-Villalba N, Molina-Puente JI, Kishta A, Sanchez-Sauce B, Aguilar-Rodriguez F, et al. Clinical characteristics and prognostic impact of short physical performance battery in hospitalized patients with acute heart failure-results of the PROFUND-IC registry. <i>J Clin Med<\/i> 2023; 12: 5974, doi:10.3390\/jcm12185974.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12185974"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33. W\u0119grzynowska-Teodorczyk K, Siennicka A, Josiak K, Zymli\u0144ski R, Kasztura M, Banasiak W, et al. Evaluation of skeletal muscle function and effects of early rehabilitation during acute heart failure: Rationale and study design. <i>BioMed Res Int<\/i> 2018; 2018: 6982897, doi:10.1155\/2018\/6982897.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6982897"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34. Mentz RJ, Whellan DJ, Reeves GR, Pastva AM, Duncan P, Upadhya B, et al. Rehabilitation intervention in older patients with acute heart failure with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction. <i>JACC Heart Fail<\/i> 2021; 9: 747\u2013757.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2021.05.007"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"35. Caminiti G, Ranghi F, De Benedetti S, Battaglia D, Arisi A, Franchini A, et al. 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