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The observing system changed considerably over this re\u2010analysis period, with assimilable data provided by a succession of satellite\u2010borne instruments from the 1970s onwards, supplemented by increasing numbers of observations from aircraft, ocean\u2010buoys and other surface platforms, but with a declining number of radiosonde ascents since the late 1980s. The observations used in ERA\u201040 were accumulated from many sources. The first part of this paper describes the data acquisition and the principal changes in data type and coverage over the period. It also describes the data assimilation system used for ERA\u201040. This benefited from many of the changes introduced into operational forecasting since the mid\u20101990s, when the systems used for the 15\u2010year ECMWF re\u2010analysis (ERA\u201015) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction\/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP\/NCAR) re\u2010analysis were implemented. Several of the improvements are discussed. General aspects of the production of the analyses are also summarized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A number of results indicative of the overall performance of the data assimilation system, and implicitly of the observing system, are presented and discussed. The comparison of background (short\u2010range) forecasts and analyses with observations, the consistency of the global mass budget, the magnitude of differences between analysis and background fields and the accuracy of medium\u2010range forecasts run from the ERA\u201040 analyses are illustrated. Several results demonstrate the marked improvement that was made to the observing system for the southern hemisphere in the 1970s, particularly towards the end of the decade. In contrast, the synoptic quality of the analysis for the northern hemisphere is sufficient to provide forecasts that remain skilful well into the medium range for all years. Two particular problems are also examined: excessive precipitation over tropical oceans and a too strong Brewer\u2010Dobson circulation, both of which are pronounced in later years. Several other aspects of the quality of the re\u2010analyses revealed by monitoring and validation studies are summarized. Expectations that the \u2018second\u2010generation\u2019 ERA\u201040 re\u2010analysis would provide products that are better than those from the firstgeneration ERA\u201015 and NCEP\/NCAR re\u2010analyses are found to have been met in most cases. \u00a9 Royal Meteorological Society, 2005. The contributions of N. A. Rayner and R. W. Saunders are Crown copyright.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.04.176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,16]],"date-time":"2006-02-16T16:31:06Z","timestamp":1140107466000},"page":"2961-3012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6036,"title":["The ERA\u201040 re\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"S. M.","family":"Uppala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. W.","family":"K\u00c5llberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. J.","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Andrae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. 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