{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:40:44Z","timestamp":1791589244129,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"American Economic Association","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AEA Papers and Proceedings"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The quality and inequality of US drinking water investments have gained attention after recent environmental disasters in Flint, Michigan, and elsewhere. We compare the targeting of subsidized loans provided through the Safe Drinking Water Act with the targeting of congressional drinking water earmarks (\u201cpork barrel\u201d spending). Earmarks are critiqued for potentially privileging wealthier and politically connected communities. We find that earmarks target Black, Hispanic, and low-income communities, partly due to targeting water systems serving large populations. Earmark and loan targeting differ across all demographics we analyze. Compared to loans, earmarks disproportionately target Hispanic but not Black or low-income communities. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/pandp.20241009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T12:09:41Z","timestamp":1716466181000},"page":"36-40","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Do Earmarks Target Low-Income and Minority Communities? Evidence from US Drinking Water"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"David A.","family":"Keiser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhashkar","family":"Mazumder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Molitor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph S.","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley, and NBER (email: )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brant J.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley, and NBER (email: )."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"ASDWA. 2023. Hidden Consequences: How Congressionally Directed Spending Impacts State Drinking Water Programs. Arlington, VA: Association of State Drinking Water Administrators."},{"issue":"2","key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2008.03.002","volume":"56","author":"Bennear Lori S","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Economics and Management"},{"key":"p_3","unstructured":"Copeland, Claudia. 2006. Water Infrastructure Project Earmarks in EPA Appropriations: Trends and Policy Implications. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20191957"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjv036","volume":"131","author":"Jackson C. Kirabo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy019","volume":"134","author":"Keiser David A","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"p_7","unstructured":"Keiser, David A., Bhashkar Mazumder, David Molitor, and Joseph S. Shapiro. 2023. \"Water Works: Causes and Consequences of Safe Drinking Water in America.\" Paper presented at the National Center for Environmental Economics Seminar, Washington, DC, April 13."},{"issue":"532","key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2008.02191.x","volume":"118","author":"Knight Brian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Economic Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-5907.00050","volume":"47","author":"Lee Frances E","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Political Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_01006","volume":"104","author":"Marcus Michelle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"p_11","first-page":"2023","volume":"24","author":"Romm Tony","year":"2023","journal-title":"Washington Post"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaider, Laurel A., Lucien Swetschinski, Christopher Campbell, and Ruthann A. Rudel. 2019. \"Environmental Justice and Drinking Water Quality: Are there Socioeconomic Disparities in Nitrate Levels in US Drinking Water?\" Environmental Health 18 (3).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-018-0442-6"},{"key":"p_13","unstructured":"SimpleLab and EPIC. 2022. \"US Community Water Systems Service Boundaries, v3.0.0.\" HydroShare. http:\/\/www.hydroshare.org\/res ource\/9ebc0a0b43b843b9835830ffffdd971e (accessed February 6, 2023)."}],"container-title":["AEA Papers and Proceedings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/pandp.20241009","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T12:26:16Z","timestamp":1716467176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/pandp.20241009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"references-count":13,"alternative-id":["10.1257\/pandp.20241009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/pandp.20241009","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-0768","2574-0776"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-0768","type":"print"},{"value":"2574-0776","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]}}}