{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T02:38:26Z","timestamp":1792463906965,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Economic Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Economic Perspectives"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We identify the major public debt overhang episodes in the advanced economies since the early 1800s, characterized by public debt to GDP levels exceeding 90 percent for at least five years. Consistent with Reinhart and Rogoff (2010) and most of the more recent research, we find that public debt overhang episodes are associated with lower growth than during other periods. The duration of the average debt overhang episode is perhaps its most striking feature. Among the 26 episodes we identify, 20 lasted more than a decade. The long duration belies the view that the correlation is caused mainly by debt buildups during business cycle recessions. The long duration also implies that the cumulative shortfall in output from debt overhang is potentially massive. These growth-reducing effects of high public debt are apparently not transmitted exclusively through high real interest rates, as in eleven of the episodes, interest rates are not materially higher. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.26.3.69","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,6]],"date-time":"2012-08-06T12:36:18Z","timestamp":1344256578000},"page":"69-86","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":351,"title":["Public Debt Overhangs: Advanced-Economy Episodes Since 1800"],"prefix":"10.1257","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Carmen M","family":"Reinhart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Minos Zombanakis Professor of the International Financial System, Harvard Kennedy School of Government, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Research Fellow, Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, England."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent R","family":"Reinhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chief U.S. Economist at Morgan Stanley, New York City, New York."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth S","family":"Rogoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor of Economics and Thomas D. Cabot Professor of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11","container-title":["Journal of Economic Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1257\/jep.26.3.69","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T21:09:15Z","timestamp":1591132155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aeaweb.org\/doi\/10.1257\/jep.26.3.69"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1257\/jep.26.3.69"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/jep.26.3.69","relation":{},"ISSN":["0895-3309"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0895-3309","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]}}}