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The different classes of diuretics are characterized, along with their mode of action. The clinical use of diuretics in conditions like congestive cardiac failure and hypertension, as well as some rarer, but clinically important, conditions is then examined. An account is given of the adverse effects of diuretics and how they come about. Common adverse effects like hypokalaemia and hyponatraemia are examined in some detail, and other electrolyte disturbances like hypomagnesaemia also gain a mention. Diuretic use in chronic kidney disease is examined and new guidelines that have been introduced are presented. A section on diuretic abuse is included as this is becoming an all too common clinical scenario, and the sometimes tragic consequences of this abuse are emphasized. Diuretics also find a role in the diagnosis of forms of renal tubular acidosis and this role is explored. Finally, a selection of some of the newer approaches to diuretic therapy are presented, often the consequence of the increasing development of molecular biology, and some of the novel compounds \u2013 which may be in drug formularies of the future \u2013 are revealed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1258\/acb.2011.011281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,10]],"date-time":"2012-07-10T23:50:14Z","timestamp":1341964214000},"page":"419-431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Diuretics: a review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Wile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital, Aintree, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr-ACB-11-281C1","volume-title":"The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology","author":"Hoad TF","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr-ACB-11-281C2","volume-title":"Black's Medical Dictionary","author":"Macpherson G","year":"2002","edition":"40"},{"key":"bibr-ACB-11-281C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000168758"},{"key":"bibr-ACB-11-281C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000168751"},{"key":"bibr-ACB-11-281C5","volume-title":"Word Origins and Their Romantic Stories","author":"Funk W","year":"1950"},{"key":"bibr-ACB-11-281C6","volume-title":"Histoires des Mots: Etymologies Europeennes","author":"Calvet L-J","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr-ACB-11-281C7","volume-title":"Herbal Medicines","author":"Barnes J","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr-ACB-11-281C8","volume-title":"British National Formulary","author":"Joint Formulary Committee","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr-ACB-11-281C9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-49-13474"},{"key":"bibr-ACB-11-281C10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/146164a0"},{"key":"bibr-ACB-11-281C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM194902032400503"},{"key":"bibr-ACB-11-281C12","volume-title":"A Decade with Diuril (Chlorothiazide)","author":"Moyer JH","year":"1968"},{"key":"bibr-ACB-11-281C13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1982.tb01332.x"},{"key":"bibr-ACB-11-281C14","volume-title":"Merck Manual","author":"Lyght CE","year":"1957","edition":"9"},{"key":"bibr-ACB-11-281C15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-011-0928-3"},{"key":"bibr-ACB-11-281C16","first-page":"F573","volume":"252","author":"Maddox DA","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"bibr-ACB-11-281C17","first-page":"F863","volume":"265","author":"Chou CL","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"bibr-ACB-11-281C18","unstructured":"GanongWF. 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