{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T05:43:33Z","timestamp":1777873413683,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]],"date-time":"2010-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1277942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Fruits and vegetables are rich sources of provitamin A carotenoids. We evaluated the vitamin A (VA) bioefficacy of a whole foods supplement (WFS) and its constituent green vegetables (Study 1) and a variety of fruits with varying ratios of provitamin A carotenoids (Study 2) in VA-depleted Mongolian gerbils ( n = 77\/study). After feeding a VA-deficient diet for 4 and 6 weeks in Studies 1 and 2, respectively, customized diets, equalized for VA, were fed for 4 and 3 weeks, respectively. Both studies utilized negative and VA-positive control groups. In Study 1, liver VA was highest in the VA group (0.82 \u00b1 0.16 \u03bcmol\/liver, P &lt; 0.05), followed by brussels sprouts (0.50 \u00b1 0.15 \u03bcmol\/liver), Betanat\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    ( \u03b2-carotene from Blakeslea trispora) (0.50 \u00b1 0.12 \u03bcmol\/liver) and spinach (0.47 \u00b1 0.09 \u03bcmol\/liver) groups, which did not differ from baseline. The WFS (0.44 \u00b1 0.06 \u03bcmol\/liver) and kale (0.43 \u00b1 0.14 \u03bcmol\/liver) groups had lower liver VA than the baseline group ( P &lt; 0.05), but did not differ from the brussels sprouts, Betanat\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    and spinach groups. In Study 2, liver VA was highest in the orange (0.67 \u00b1 0.18 \u03bcmol\/liver), papaya (0.67 \u00b1 0.15 \u03bcmol\/liver) and VA (0.66 \u00b1 0.14 \u03bcmol\/liver) groups, followed by the mango (0.58 \u00b1 0.09 \u03bcmol\/liver) and tangerine (0.55 \u00b1 0.15 \u03bcmol\/liver) groups. These groups did not differ from baseline. The banana group (0.47 \u00b1 0.15 \u03bcmol\/liver) was unable to maintain baseline stores of VA and did not differ from the control (0.46 \u00b1 0.13 \u03bcmol\/liver). These fruits (except banana), vegetables and the WFS were able to prevent VA deficiency in Mongolian gerbils and could be an effective part of food-based interventions to support VA nutrition in developing countries and worldwide.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1258\/ebm.2010.009216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,4]],"date-time":"2011-04-04T13:07:52Z","timestamp":1301922472000},"page":"839-848","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Carotenoid profiles in provitamin A-containing fruits and vegetables affect the bioefficacy in Mongolian gerbils"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"235","author":[{"given":"Sara A","family":"Arscott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie A","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706"},{"name":"Agronomy and Soils Department, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher R","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sherry A","family":"Tanumihardjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 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