{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:17:30Z","timestamp":1778199450671,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]],"date-time":"2012-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nasal polyps are associated with chronic inflammation of the sinonasal mucosa and are involved in myofibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation. Ginsenoside Rg1, a compound derived from Panax ginseng, shows antifibrotic and anticancer effects. However, the molecular effects of Rg1 on myofibroblast differentiation and ECM production remain unknown. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of Rg1 on transforming growth factor (TGF)- \u03b21-induced myofibroblast differentiation and ECM production and to determine the molecular mechanism of Rg1 in nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts (NPDFs). NPDFs were isolated from nasal polyps of seven patients who had chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp. NPDFs were exposed to TGF- \u03b21 with or without Rg1. Expression levels of \u03b1-smooth muscle actin (SMA), fibronectin and collagen type I \u03b11 were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and immunofluorescent staining. TGF- \u03b21 signaling molecules, including Smad2\/3, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 were analyzed by Western blotting. Transcription factors involved with TGF- \u03b21 signaling, nuclear factor (NF)- \u03baB and activator protein 1 (AP-1) were also assessed by Western blot. The cytotoxic effect of Rg1 was measured by an established viability assay. The mRNA and protein expression levels of \u03b1-SMA, fibronectin and collagen type I \u03b11 were increased in TGF- \u03b21-induced NPDFs. Rg1 inhibited these effects. The inhibitory molecular mechanism of Rg1 was involved in the ERK pathway. Rg1 inhibited the transcription factor activation of AP-1. Rg1 itself was not cytotoxic. The ginsenoside Rg1 has inhibitory effects on myofibroblast differentiation and ECM production. The inhibitory mechanism of Rg1 is involved with the ERK and AP-1 signaling pathways. Rg1 may be useful as an inhibitor of ECM deposition, and has potential to be used as a novel treatment option for nasal polyps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1258\/ebm.2012.011342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,23]],"date-time":"2012-06-23T20:34:27Z","timestamp":1340483667000},"page":"663-669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on extracellular matrix production via extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase\/activator protein 1 pathway in nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"237","author":[{"given":"Jung-Sun","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Korea 21 Project for Biomedical Science"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"You-Mi","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Korea 21 Project for Biomedical 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