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The 435 patients (40.2%), who experienced at least one episode of confirmed pancreatic laboratory abnormality had a longer duration of seropositivity, exposure to protease inhibitors, a more frequent immunodeficiency, AIDS, chronic liver and\/or biliary disease and hypertriglyceridaemia, while no relation was found with antiretroviral administration, and the duration of type of nucleoside analogues, when compared with the 646 controls. High and prolonged laboratory alterations eventually associated with signs of organ involvement occurred in 166 cases (38.2%), and were related to the administration of didanosine, stavudine, lamivudine, pentamidine, cotrimoxazole or antitubercular\/antimycobacterial therapy, cytotoxic chemotherapy, illicit substance or alcohol abuse, opportunistic infections, chronic liver and\/or biliary disease, a protease inhibitor-based highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and hypertriglyceridaemia (usually associated with HAART administration). No difference was noticed between the 46 patients with clinical and\/or imaging evidence of pancreatic involvement and the 120 asymptomatic subjects. Although recurrences of enzyme alterations involved 69.6% of patients, only in 30.1% of cases did a change of the underlying antiretroviral or antimicrobial therapy become necessary. An acute, uncomplicated pancreatitis occurred in nine of the 46 symptomatic subjects (19.6%). A two to four-week gabexate and\/or octreotide administration (performed in 79 cases of 166, 47.6%), achieved a significant laboratory, clinical and imaging cure or improvement in 82.3% of cases, with a better success rate of combined (gabexate mesilate plus octreotide) vs. single (gabexate mesilate or ocreotide) therapy. Reduced disease recurrences and a better tolerability of antiretroviral regimens, were also noticed. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2007.007076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,3]],"date-time":"2008-03-03T00:31:35Z","timestamp":1204504295000},"page":"99-105","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["HIV infection and the pancreas: risk factors and potential management guidelines"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Manfredi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, \u2018Alma Mater Studiorum\u2019University of Bologna, S Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Calza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, \u2018Alma Mater Studiorum\u2019University 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