{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T14:05:16Z","timestamp":1773410716523,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]],"date-time":"2008-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1209600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The aim of this study was to determine HIV-1 incidence among women of reproductive age in Malawi. A prospective study design was followed. HIV-1 uninfected women were followed up for nine visits during a period of 12 months. At baseline, women received HIV-1 counselling and testing. At each visit, venous blood was collected for HIV-1 testing. Incidence rate for HIV-1 was estimated using person-years of follow up (PYFU). Risk factors for HIV acquisition were assessed using Cox proportional hazard models. A total of 842 HIV-1 negative women were enrolled in the study. Of these, 787 had subsequent HIV testing and 31 were found HIV-1 infected; an overall incidence rate of 4.51 (95% confidence interval: 2.96\u20136.06) per 100 PYFU was obtained. Young age, using hormonal injectable contraceptives and bacterial vaginosis were the main predictors of HIV acquisition. The incidence of HIV continues to be high among women in Malawi, and young women appear to be at higher risk. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2007.007165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,30]],"date-time":"2008-06-30T18:21:47Z","timestamp":1214850107000},"page":"339-341","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Hiv-1 Incidence among Women of Reproductive Age in Malawi"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"N I","family":"Kumwenda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Kumwenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Obstetrics"},{"name":"Department of Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Chichiri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Kafulafula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Obstetrics"},{"name":"Department of Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Chichiri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Makanani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Obstetrics"},{"name":"Department of Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Chichiri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Taulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Obstetrics"},{"name":"Department of Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Chichiri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Nkhoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine-Johns Hopkins University Research Project, Blantyre, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Q","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taha E","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-ijsa.2007.007165","unstructured":"Department of Nutrition, HIV and AIDS. 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November 2003"},{"key":"bibr7-ijsa.2007.007165","volume-title":"Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2004.","author":"National Statistics Office (NSO), Malawi and ORC Macro.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr8-ijsa.2007.007165","first-page":"31585","volume":"8","author":"Bultreys M","year":"1994","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"bibr9-ijsa.2007.007165","unstructured":"Myer L, Denny L, Wright TC, Kuhn L. Hormonal contraception and risk of incident HIV infection among South African women: a prospective study. XVI International AIDS Conference. Toronto, Canada, 13-18 August 2006. Abstract no. 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