{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T22:25:50Z","timestamp":1763591150214,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]],"date-time":"2008-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1228089600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This study explored the role of Hijras (male transgenders) as a core group in Pakistan's HIV epidemic. Four hundred and nine Hijras underwent detailed behavioural and biological assessment. Our subjects were young (median age: 24 years), debuted sex early and used alcohol and drugs. Sex with men, women and other Hijras along with co-habitation\/marriage were reported. Most (84%) had sold sex. These reported a median of four times and at least one regular client weekly. Few used condoms. Most (94%) could identify a condom, but 42% reported never needing one. Over two-thirds had correct HIV and protective knowledge. Many reported experiencing physical abuse or forced sex (40%) and sexual orientation-related discrimination (45%). Most (58%) had sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and 38% had multiple infections. The commonest infections were syphilis (50%) and gonorrhoea (18%). Care-seeking was mainly (87%) from the private sector. High STI prevalence, commercial sex, bisexuality and infrequent protective behaviours are described. Their communal living and wider sexual networks suggest a more central role for Hijras in Pakistan's HIV epidemic. Effective HIV\/STI control programmes must take the above factors into account to enrich their programme content. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2008.008135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,2]],"date-time":"2008-12-02T21:48:31Z","timestamp":1228254511000},"page":"817-820","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Correlates and prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among Hijras (male transgenders) in Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"A A","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Solutions, Islamabad"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Rehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Associates, Lahore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Qayyum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Family Health International"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National AIDS Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Neither Man Nor Woman: The Hijras of India.","year":"1990","author":"Nanda S","key":"bibr1-ijsa.2008.008135"},{"volume-title":"The National AIDS Control Programme MoH, The Family Health International, The Pakistan Medical and Research Council.","key":"bibr2-ijsa.2008.008135"},{"key":"bibr3-ijsa.2008.008135","unstructured":"HASP Team, The National AIDS Control Programme MoH. HIV\/AIDS Surveillance Project of Pakistan, Round 1. See http:\/\/www.nacp.gov.pk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2007\/04\/HASP-Round1report-final.pdf2005 (last accessed May 2008)."},{"key":"bibr4-ijsa.2008.008135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462991914159"},{"volume-title":"Conditions and Status of Hijras (Transgenders, Transvestites etc.) in Pakistan.","year":"2005","author":"Jami H","key":"bibr5-ijsa.2008.008135"},{"key":"bibr6-ijsa.2008.008135","volume":"1","author":"Mithani A","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Independ Stud Res"},{"key":"bibr7-ijsa.2008.008135","unstructured":"UNAIDS. AIDS Epidemic Update; See http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/epi\/2005\/doc\/report_pdf.asp2005 (last accessed May 2008)."},{"key":"bibr8-ijsa.2008.008135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200205000-00009"},{"key":"bibr9-ijsa.2008.008135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/095646207781147201"},{"key":"bibr10-ijsa.2008.008135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.Supplement_2.S134"},{"key":"bibr11-ijsa.2008.008135","first-page":"4","volume":"16","author":"Pappas G","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS Public Policy"},{"key":"bibr12-ijsa.2008.008135","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Guidelines for the Development of Core Indicators; See http:\/\/data.unaids.org\/pub\/Manual\/2007\/20070411_ungass_core_indicators_manual_en.pdf2005 (last accessed 23 September 2008)."},{"key":"bibr13-ijsa.2008.008135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2003.007500"},{"key":"bibr14-ijsa.2008.008135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198107233050404"},{"key":"bibr15-ijsa.2008.008135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198309083091002"},{"key":"bibr16-ijsa.2008.008135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-102-6-757"}],"container-title":["International Journal of STD &amp; AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1258\/ijsa.2008.008135","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1258\/ijsa.2008.008135","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1258\/ijsa.2008.008135","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T23:11:38Z","timestamp":1741043498000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1258\/ijsa.2008.008135"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1258\/ijsa.2008.008135"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1258\/ijsa.2008.008135","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-4624","1758-1052"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0956-4624"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1758-1052"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}}}