{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T14:54:04Z","timestamp":1768316044788,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]],"date-time":"2010-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1272672000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We conducted a cross-sectional study with 208 HIV-uninfected and 188 HIV-infected women in Uganda and Zimbabwe to investigate differences in median CD4 counts. Absolute CD4 counts were determined by flow cytometry. Multivariate analyses were used to examine the association of country and HIV-infection status on CD4 counts. Median CD4 counts were significantly lower in Zimbabwe than in Uganda overall (649 and 783 cells\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, P = 0.009) and among HIV-infected women (470 and 614 cells\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, P = 0.003). In separate multivariable models, CD4 counts were significantly lower in Zimbabwe in HIV-uninfected ( P = 0.014) and infected ( P &lt; 0.001) women, controlling for age, contraceptive method, education and living with partner status. In a model combining HIV-uninfected and infected women, there was no significant interaction between country and HIV infection status ( P = 0.344), suggesting that the relationship between country and CD4 count was not significantly modified by HIV infection status. This study reinforces the importance of establishing country-specific reference CD4 levels as CD4 count continues to be used as a key biomarker in clinical decision-making for HIV-infected individuals in sub-Saharan Africa. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2009.009020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,24]],"date-time":"2010-05-24T19:16:21Z","timestamp":1274728581000},"page":"342-345","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Variations in CD4 cell counts among HIV-uninfected and infected women in Uganda and Zimbabwe"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"A E","family":"Lovvorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral and Biomedical Research Department, Family Health International, Research Triangle Park, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Patnaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral and Biomedical Research Department, Family Health International, Research Triangle Park, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C J","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Kwok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantitative Sciences Department, Family Health International, Research Triangle Park, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Van Der Pol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Chipato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J K","family":"Byamugisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R A","family":"Salata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C S","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral and Biomedical Research Department, Family Health International, Research Triangle Park, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-020C1","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Lab Methods 2003\u201304: Lab 03 CD4+ T-Lymphocytes and CD8 T cells. See www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/about\/major\/nhanes\/nhanes2003-2004\/lab_methods_03_04.htm"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-020C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-005-2818-y"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-020C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.12.4.525-530.2005"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-020C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199704010-00009"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-020C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(03)00174-1"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-020C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.6.3.410-414.1999"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-020C7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462961917825"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-020C8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.2.2.233-235.1995"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-020C9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3280117c8b"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-020C10","unstructured":"WalkerC, MackayW, RwambuyaS,  CD4 T-lymphocyte determinations in HIV-1 uninfected women from Uganda and Zimbabwe participating in the hormonal contraception and risk for HIV-1 acquisition (HC-HIV) study. Poster presented at XV International AIDS Conference, 11\u201316 July 2004, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-020C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200307250-00019"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-020C12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/512682"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-020C13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/527416"}],"container-title":["International Journal of STD &amp; AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1258\/ijsa.2009.009020","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1258\/ijsa.2009.009020","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1258\/ijsa.2009.009020","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T05:51:28Z","timestamp":1741067488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1258\/ijsa.2009.009020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1258\/ijsa.2009.009020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1258\/ijsa.2009.009020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-4624","1758-1052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-4624","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]}}}