{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T08:25:31Z","timestamp":1759134331022,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259625600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Few types of blood exposures have been assessed in relation to incident HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa, despite evidence that penile\u2013vaginal sex cannot account for the epidemic in the region. To investigate correlates of incident HIV infection in Calabar, Nigeria, we surveyed clients at voluntary HIV counselling and testing centres. Participating clients who tested multiple times were generally similar to those testing only once in terms of demographic characteristics, sexual and blood exposures and HIV prevalence. Blood exposures were common. Serial testers had a 10% annual incidence of HIV infection. Seroconverters and seronegative serial testers were similar on most demographic characteristics and sexual exposures. However, seroconverters were more likely than seronegatives to report blood exposures during the test interval, both for most specific exposures as well as summary measures of blood exposures. In particular, seroconverters were substantially more likely to report one of a set of blood exposures that cannot be explained as a consequence of unprotected vaginal sex or of health care for symptoms of HIV infection (adjusted odds ratio = 6.6, 95% confidence interval = 1.2\u201338). The study design we used is an inexpensive approach for describing the local epidemiology of HIV transmission and can also serve as the foundation for more definitive investigations that employ contact tracing and sequencing of HIV DNA. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2009.009272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,30]],"date-time":"2009-11-30T18:24:19Z","timestamp":1259605459000},"page":"846-851","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Diverse blood exposures associated with incident HIV infection in Calabar, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"E J","family":"Peters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D D","family":"Brewer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Scientific Research, PO Box 15110, Seattle, WA 98115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N E","family":"Udonwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G T A","family":"Jombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O E","family":"Essien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V A","family":"Umoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A A","family":"Otu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D U","family":"Eduwem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J J","family":"Potterat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado Springs, CO 80909, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/095646202760326390"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2007.16.5"},{"volume-title":"Points to Consider: Responses to HIV\/AIDS in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean","year":"2007","author":"Gisselquist D","key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C3"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/095646203762869151"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32831ef523"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.5.540"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C7","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Health. 2005 National HIV\/Syphilis Sero-prevalence Sentinel Survey Among Pregnant Woment Attending Antenatal Clinics In Nigeria, Technical Report. Abuja: Federal Ministry of Health; 2006. Available at: http:\/\/www.naca.gov.ng\/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=3&Itemid=99999999"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1954.10501231"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/095646206778113050"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/095646206778691167"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12927\/whp.2007.19344"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2006.10.010"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2009.009204"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/136485907X241442"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.12.001"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932006001489"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004947550403400206"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C18","first-page":"319","volume":"24","author":"Salami KK","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Q Community Health Educ"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30032475"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C20","first-page":"213","volume":"31","author":"Taiwo JO","year":"2002","journal-title":"Afr J Med Med Sci"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C21","first-page":"197","volume":"1","author":"Ola TM","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Health Res"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C22","first-page":"19","volume":"9","author":"Arulogun OS","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C23","unstructured":"IsaacWE, IawaliM. Evaluation of HIV occupational risk amongst traditional barbers and itinerent nail cutters in North West Nigeria, abstract no. D10381. 15th International Conference on AIDS, Bangkok, 2004"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/nmp.v51i6.28857"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12927\/whp.2006.18146"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C26","first-page":"43","volume":"21","author":"Kayode CM","year":"2002","journal-title":"West Afr J Med"},{"journal-title":"Health Educ Res","year":"2008","author":"van der Maas F","key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C27"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/RC0L-D0W5-P1FT-VV1X"},{"volume-title":"Presentation at Advancing Prevention Technologies for Sexual and Reproductive Health symposium","year":"2009","author":"Obi G","key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C29"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691050410001680528"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C31","first-page":"89","volume":"12","author":"Morhason-Bello IO","year":"2008","journal-title":"Afr J Reprod Health"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/095646204322637317"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/505585"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/095646204322637173"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C35","first-page":"33","volume":"5","author":"Soola EO","year":"1991","journal-title":"Afr Media Rev"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/09564620360719723"},{"key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/095646203322025704"},{"volume-title":"Blood-borne HIV: Risks and Prevention","year":"2008","author":"Correa M","key":"bibr-IJSA-09-272C38"}],"container-title":["International Journal of STD &amp; AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1258\/ijsa.2009.009272","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1258\/ijsa.2009.009272","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1258\/ijsa.2009.009272","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T22:20:10Z","timestamp":1740954010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1258\/ijsa.2009.009272"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1258\/ijsa.2009.009272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1258\/ijsa.2009.009272","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-4624","1758-1052"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0956-4624"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1758-1052"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}}}