{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T01:11:06Z","timestamp":1790471466540,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]],"date-time":"2011-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1301616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J STD AIDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We assess the relative contribution of viral and bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) on HIV acquisition among southern African women in a nested case-control study within the Methods for Improving Reproductive Health in Africa (MIRA) trial. Cases were women with incident HIV infection; controls were HIV-uninfected at the time of case seroconversion selected in a 1 to 3 case to control ratio (risk-set sampling), matched on study site and time of follow-up. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and population-attributable fractions (PAF). Among 4948 enrolled women, we analysed 309 cases and 927 controls. The overall HIV incidence rate was 4.0 per 100 women-years. The incidence of HIV infection was markedly higher in women who had prevalent Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) (AOR: 2.14; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.55\u20132.96), incident HSV-2 (AOR: 4.43; 95% CI: 1.77\u201311.05) and incident Neisseria gonorrhoeae (AOR: 6.92; 95% CI: 3.01\u201315.90). The adjusted PAF of HIV incidence for prevalent HSV-2 was 29.0% (95% CI: 16.8\u201339.3), for incident HSV-2 2.1% (95% CI: 0.6\u20133.6) and for incident N. gonorrhoeae 4.1% (95% CI: 2.5\u20135.8). Women's greatest risk factors for HIV acquisition were incident bacterial and viral STIs. Women-centred interventions aimed at decreasing HIV incidence in young African women need to address these common co-morbid conditions. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2010.010385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,22]],"date-time":"2011-04-22T16:13:10Z","timestamp":1303488790000},"page":"218-224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The relative contribution of viral and bacterial sexually transmitted infections on HIV acquisition in southern African women in the Methods for Improving Reproductive Health in Africa study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"K K","family":"Venkatesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health, Division of Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"van der Straten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International"},{"name":"Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E T","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M N","family":"Lurie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health, Division of Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Chipato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Ramjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Prevention Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Blanchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ibis Reproductive Health, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N S","family":"Padian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K H","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health, Division of Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"de Bruyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Soweto, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr-IJSA-10-385C1","unstructured":"UNAIDS. 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