{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:43:54Z","timestamp":1777855434391,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,28]],"date-time":"2009-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1240876800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Biogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper describes the Higoumenakis sign, enlargement of the sternal end of the clavicle in patients with late congenital syphilis and the dermatologist after whom it is named. Several professors and doctors from the Medical School of the University of Athens opposed his actions especially at the University in Greece. His persistence led him to productive scientific activity in syphilis, leishmaniasis and psoriasis. He became a member of the Greek Parliament from 1964 to 1967 and eventually Minister of Hygiene - even though this may have been an imprudent political choice, due to the unstable sociopolitical status of that period. He died on 27 December 1983 at the age of 88.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1258\/jmb.2009.009005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,28]],"date-time":"2009-04-28T15:04:16Z","timestamp":1240931056000},"page":"64-72","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["George Higoumenakis (1895-1983): Greek dermatologist"],"prefix":"10.1258","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Constantinos C","family":"Frangos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School of the National andKapodistrian University of Athens, Greece."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christos C","family":"Frangos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Greece."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/j.jmb.2007.06-49"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/j.jmb.2006.05-39"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"xiii","volume-title":"The Great Doctors: A Biographical History of Medicine.","author":"Sigerist HE","year":"1958","unstructured":"Sigerist HE. The Great Doctors: A Biographical History of Medicine. Trans. Paul E, Paul C. New York: Doulbeday Anchor, 1958: xiii\u2013xv."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/504738"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","volume-title":"Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary.","author":"Higoumenakis was Greek.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Higoumenakis was Greek. Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1994, mentions Higoumenakis as a Polish physician but the sign is described correctly."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"Nikos G Higoumenakis son of George Higoumenakis (hereafter Higoumenakis NG. Personal Archive) kindly provided tape-cassettes of personal conversations between him and his father and from which most of the phrases quoted by him in the text are derived."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"Aristeidis Michelidakis entered the School of Law at the University of Athens and he was son of a former Prime Minister of the Cretan Republic."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"Higoumenakis NG. Personal Archive."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"213","volume-title":"Dermatology in France.","author":"Janier M","year":"2002","unstructured":"Janier M. Venereal disease clinicians in Paris (1801-2001). In: Wallach D, Tilles G, eds. Dermatology in France. France: Privat, 2002: 213\u201314."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"9","volume-title":"H\u0113 kl\u0113ronomik\u0113 syphilis denteras geneas kai h\u0113 therapeia ant\u0113s.","author":"Higoumenakis GK","year":"1925","unstructured":"Higoumenakis GK. H\u0113 kl\u0113ronomik\u0113 syphilis denteras geneas kai h\u0113 therapeia ant\u0113s. Athinai: Estia, 1925: 9."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","volume-title":"La syphilis h\u00e9r\u00e9ditaire de seconde g\u00e9n\u00e9ration et son traitement.","author":"Higoumenakis G","year":"1925","unstructured":"Higoumenakis G. La syphilis h\u00e9r\u00e9ditaire de seconde g\u00e9n\u00e9ration et son traitement. Paris: Maloine, 1925."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"324","article-title":"La syphilis h\u00e9r\u00e9ditaire de seconde g\u00e9n\u00e9ration et son traitement.","volume":"19","author":"Higoumenakis G","year":"1924","unstructured":"Higoumenakis G. La syphilis h\u00e9r\u00e9ditaire de seconde g\u00e9n\u00e9ration et son traitement. Annales des maladies v\u00e9n\u00e9riennes 1924; 19: 324\u201381, 401-41.","journal-title":"Annales des maladies v\u00e9n\u00e9riennes"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"1481","article-title":"La syphilis h\u00e9r\u00e9ditaire de seconde g\u00e9n\u00e9ration et son traitement.","volume":"33","author":"Higoumenakis G","year":"1925","unstructured":"Higoumenakis G. La syphilis h\u00e9r\u00e9ditaire de seconde g\u00e9n\u00e9ration et son traitement. La Presse m\u00e9dicale 1925; 33: 1481.","journal-title":"La Presse m\u00e9dicale"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"697","article-title":"Das zeichen von Higoumenakis und seine Bedeutung f\u00fcr die diagnose der angerborenen syphilis.","volume":"154","author":"Higoumenakis KG","year":"1968","unstructured":"Higoumenakis KG. Das zeichen von Higoumenakis und seine Bedeutung f\u00fcr die diagnose der angerborenen syphilis. Dermatologische Wochenschrift 1968; 154: 697\u2013705.","journal-title":"Dermatologische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"629","article-title":"Presentation de moulage par le docteur Higoumenakis.","volume":"35","author":"Milian G","year":"1928","unstructured":"Milian G. Presentation de moulage par le docteur Higoumenakis. Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de dermatologie et de syphiligraphie 1928; 35: 629.","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de dermatologie et de syphiligraphie"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Le bouton d'Orient (leishmaniose cutan\u00e9e) et son traitement moderne.","author":"Higoumenakis G","year":"1930","unstructured":"Higoumenakis G. Le bouton d'Orient (leishmaniose cutan\u00e9e) et son traitement moderne. Paris: Masson, 1930: 5\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"165","article-title":"Discussion in Papastratigakes K. Paralysis of the facial nerve due to herpes","author":"Higoumenakis G","year":"1924","unstructured":"Higoumenakis G. Discussion in Papastratigakes K. Paralysis of the facial nerve due to herpes Proceedings of the Medical Society of Athens 1924: 165\u201371.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Medical Society of Athens"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"297","article-title":"\u00dcber die \u00e4tiologie, pathogenesse und behandlung der psoriasis.","volume":"110","author":"Higoumenakis GK","year":"1940","unstructured":"Higoumenakis GK. \u00dcber die \u00e4tiologie, pathogenesse und behandlung der psoriasis. Dermatologische Wochenschrift 1940; 110: 297\u2013306.","journal-title":"Dermatologische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","first-page":"281","article-title":"Etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of psoriasis.","volume":"48","author":"Higoumenakis GK","year":"1944","unstructured":"Higoumenakis GK. Etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of psoriasis. Urologic and Cutaneous Review 1944; 48: 281\u20139.","journal-title":"Urologic and Cutaneous Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"Higoumenakis G. (op. cit. ref. 12)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"2774","article-title":"\u00dcber Lichen Syphiliticus.","volume":"74","author":"Higoumenakis G","year":"1924","unstructured":"Higoumenakis G. \u00dcber Lichen Syphiliticus. Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift 1924; 74: 2774\u201379.","journal-title":"Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","first-page":"79","article-title":"The first and last years of Dr Pap in the USA.","author":"Poulakou-Rebelakou E","year":"2008","unstructured":"Poulakou-Rebelakou E, Tsiamis C, Panteleakos G, Rempelakos A. The first and last years of Dr Pap in the USA. Analecta Historico Medica 2008; VI (suppl. l): 79\u201387.","journal-title":"Analecta Historico Medica"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196702162760703"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","first-page":"137","volume-title":"History of Medicine of the 20th Century: 1. The Greek Pioneers","author":"Marketos SG","year":"2000","unstructured":"Marketos SG. History of Medicine of the 20th Century: 1. The Greek Pioneers, Vol. 2. Athens: Zita, 2000; 1: 137\u2013269; 2:1-165."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"87","author":"Higoumenakis G","year":"1924","unstructured":"Higoumenakis G. Proceedings of the Medical Society of Athens 1924: 87\u201393, 328-47.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Medical Society of Athens"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096777200501300206"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","unstructured":"This Union was different from the Hellenic Association of Dermatology and Venereology founded by G Photinos some years earlier. Higoumenakis and others wanted to create a new society where Photinos would not have influence; it seems that Photinos was absolute in his opinions and this created frustration from other doctors. Moreover Photinos and Higoumenakis were in conflict from 1924 already."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","unstructured":"In the Proceedings of the Medical Society of Athens Higoumenakis published more than 150 announcements during the period 1924-1956."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"359","article-title":"Les cicatrics ligniformes des levres de bouche et le la commiseure comme stigmate de la syphilis cong\u00e9nitale et leur valeur diagnostique.","volume":"5","author":"Higoumenakis GK","year":"1927","unstructured":"Higoumenakis GK. Les cicatrics ligniformes des levres de bouche et le la commiseure comme stigmate de la syphilis cong\u00e9nitale et leur valeur diagnostique. Practicos Iatros 1927; 5: 359\u201362.","journal-title":"Practicos Iatros"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","first-page":"7","article-title":"A case of psoriasis, complicated with elephantiasic oedema of the scrotum and the prepuce.","volume":"2","author":"Higoumenakis GK","year":"1940","unstructured":"Higoumenakis GK. A case of psoriasis, complicated with elephantiasic oedema of the scrotum and the prepuce. Annales Hell\u00e9niques de Dermatologie et V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9ologie 1940; 2: 7\u20138.","journal-title":"Annales Hell\u00e9niques de Dermatologie et V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9ologie"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","first-page":"164","article-title":"On a case of traumatic syphilis.","volume":"2","author":"Higoumenakis GK","year":"1940","unstructured":"Higoumenakis GK, Kazoglis D. On a case of traumatic syphilis. Annales Hell\u00e9niques de Dermatologie et V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9ologie 1940; 2: 164\u20138.","journal-title":"Annales Hell\u00e9niques de Dermatologie et V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9ologie"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","first-page":"609","article-title":"Discussion in Marselos V. Diathermy treatment for gonorrhoea.","author":"Higoumenakis G","year":"1931","unstructured":"Higoumenakis G. Discussion in Marselos V. Diathermy treatment for gonorrhoea. Iatrika Chronika 1931: 609\u201316, 693-703.","journal-title":"Iatrika Chronika"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","first-page":"435","article-title":"A propos d'un cas rare d\u2019 epidermodysplasie verruciforme de Lewandosky et Lutz.","volume":"57","author":"Higoumenakis G","year":"1950","unstructured":"Higoumenakis G. A propos d'un cas rare d\u2019 epidermodysplasie verruciforme de Lewandosky et Lutz. Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Dermatologie et de Syphiligraphie 1950; 57: 435\u201336.","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Dermatologie et de Syphiligraphie"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","first-page":"64","article-title":"Un cas de syndrome de Lassueur et Graham Little.","volume":"58","author":"Higoumenakis G","year":"1951","unstructured":"Higoumenakis G. Un cas de syndrome de Lassueur et Graham Little. Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Dermatologie et de Syphiligraphie 1951; 58: 64\u20135.","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Dermatologie et de Syphiligraphie"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Doctors will go on strike, if their pending issues are not resolved.","year":"1960","unstructured":"Doctors will go on strike, if their pending issues are not resolved. Eleflheria, 30 April 1960: 10.","journal-title":"Eleflheria"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"The problem of open health care for the insured.","volume":"18","author":"Higoumenakis GK","year":"1960","unstructured":"Higoumenakis GK. The problem of open health care for the insured. Bulletin of the Medical Council of Athens 1960; 18: 19\u201321.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Medical Council of Athens"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","first-page":"208","volume-title":"History of the Greek Nation.","author":"Christopoulos G","year":"2000","unstructured":"Christopoulos G. History of the Greek Nation. Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon, 2000; 16: 208\u201323."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","volume-title":"Politics in Modern Greece.","author":"Legg KR","year":"1969","unstructured":"Legg KR. Politics in Modern Greece. Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press, 1969."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","first-page":"7","article-title":"Message of the Minister of Hygiene Mr Higoumenakis: I have been a defender of the ideals of democracy.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Message of the Minister of Hygiene Mr Higoumenakis: I have been a defender of the ideals of democracy. Eleflheria, 24 July 1965: 7. Among other things, Higoumenakis mentioned that from his youth he supported only just causes, something that might had cost him a faculty position at the University of Athens or the position of the President of the Greek Medical Council, both of which he had pursued.","journal-title":"Eleflheria"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","unstructured":"Legg KR. (op. cit. ref. 39)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","unstructured":"Proceedings of the Medical School University of Athens 4 December 1925: 157."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibid.: 19 May 1926 pp. 223-7.","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761926000200003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","unstructured":"Ibid.: 28 May 1926 pp. 229-31."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibid.: 28 May 1926 p. 230.","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1926.28.1.02a00050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","unstructured":"Proceedings of the Medical School University of Athens 31 May 1935: 201\u201339."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","unstructured":"The Proceedings of the Medical School on 31 May 1935 contains 40 pages concerning G Higoumenakis. Apart from the scientific judgment of the second thesis he submitted G Photinos comments on his discovery of 1927 concerning the sign of the clavicle claiming that his discovery was based on fake evidence. Moreover he gives many details on Higoumenakis character and his relationships with the patients and the other doctors at the Hospital Andreas Syggros. Generally Photinos does not like Higoumenakis nor does Higoumenakis like Photinos because in these proceedings we can read accusations from both sides."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","first-page":"298","article-title":"Tears along with laughs.","volume":"2","year":"1935","unstructured":"[No author]. Tears along with laughs. Iatrikai Athinai 1935; 2: 298.","journal-title":"Iatrikai Athinai"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","unstructured":"Proceedings of the Medical School University of Athens 20 December 1935: 37\u201338."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","unstructured":"Proceedings of the Medical School University of Athens 11 May 1939: 190\u2013223."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","unstructured":"Higoumenakis GK. (op. cit. refs. 19 20)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","unstructured":"Proceedings of the Medical School University of Athens 28 May 1943: 308\u201352."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","unstructured":"Ibid.: 4 June 1943 pp. 368-72."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","unstructured":"Op. cit. ref. 46."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","unstructured":"Op. cit. ref. 53."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","unstructured":"Op. cit. ref. 52: 4 June 1943 pp. 368\u201369."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","unstructured":"Op. cit. ref. 52: 4 June 1943 p. 361."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","unstructured":"Higoumenakis was against the fact that Photinos was a lifetime president of the Hellenic Association of Dermatology and Venereology. He believed that the tenure should be finite and new faces ought to come up as in most scientific societies. Op. cit. ref. 46: 31 May 1935 pp. 196\u2013239."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","unstructured":"Higoumenakis NG. Personal Archive."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","first-page":"687","article-title":"A new stigma of hereditary syphilis.","author":"Higoumenakis G","year":"1927","unstructured":"Higoumenakis G. A new stigma of hereditary syphilis. Proceedings of the Medical Society of Athens 1927: 687\u201399.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Medical Society of Athens"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","first-page":"213","article-title":"Un nouveau stigmate de syphilis h\u00e9r\u00e9ditaire: 1\u2019 hyperostose de l'extr\u00e9mit\u00e9 sternale de la clavicule droite.","volume":"4","author":"Higoumenakis G","year":"1928","unstructured":"Higoumenakis G. Un nouveau stigmate de syphilis h\u00e9r\u00e9ditaire: 1\u2019 hyperostose de l'extr\u00e9mit\u00e9 sternale de la clavicule droite. Revue Fran\u00e7aise de Dermatologie et de v\u00e9n\u00e9ologie 1928; 4: 213\u201321.","journal-title":"Revue Fran\u00e7aise de Dermatologie et de v\u00e9n\u00e9ologie"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01652813"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(85)80010-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00349816"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","first-page":"66","volume-title":"Syphilitic lesions of the osseous system in infants and young children.","author":"Taylor RW","year":"1875","unstructured":"The explanation for the localization of the treponema at the sternal end of the clavicle is mentioned also by Robert Taylor. He notes \u2018when we consider that at birth all of the clavicle except its sternal epiphysis is formed of true osseous tissue, it occurs to the mind that it is at this end that we should naturally look for these swellings, and not at the acromial end, where no epiphysis exists\u2019. See Taylor RW. Syphilitic lesions of the osseous system in infants and young children. New York: Wood, 1875: 66."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1940.01490120062008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4084.771"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1935.01470040059011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","first-page":"701","article-title":"Congenital syphilis; enlargement of the sternal end of the clavicle.","volume":"34","author":"Miskjian HG","year":"1936","unstructured":"Miskjian HG. Congenital syphilis; enlargement of the sternal end of the clavicle. Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology 1936; 34: 701\u20132.","journal-title":"Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0738-081X(84)90018-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","unstructured":"Higoumenakis G. (op. cit. ref. 60)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","first-page":"283","volume-title":"Trait\u00e9 complet des maladies v\u00e9n\u00e9riennes. Clinique iconographique de l'h\u00f4pital des v\u00e9n\u00e9riens: recueil d'observations, suivies de consid\u00e9rations pratiques, qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 trait\u00e9es dans cet h\u00f4pital.","author":"Ricord P","year":"1851","unstructured":"Ricord P. Planche XXXVII. Exostose de la clavicule. Syphilide tuberculo-crustac\u00e9e ulc\u00e9rante, \u00e0 marche serpigineuse. In: Trait\u00e9 complet des maladies v\u00e9n\u00e9riennes. Clinique iconographique de l'h\u00f4pital des v\u00e9n\u00e9riens: recueil d'observations, suivies de consid\u00e9rations pratiques, qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 trait\u00e9es dans cet h\u00f4pital. Paris: Just Rouvier, 1851: 283\u201390."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","first-page":"1022","volume-title":"Modem Clinical Syphililology.","author":"Stokes J","year":"1926","unstructured":"Stokes J. Modem Clinical Syphililology. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1926: 1022\u201339."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","first-page":"55","article-title":"Hyperostosis of the clavicle as a symptom of congenital syphilis; historical report.","volume":"2","author":"Kozhevnikov PV","year":"1950","unstructured":"Kozhevnikov PV. Hyperostosis of the clavicle as a symptom of congenital syphilis; historical report. Vestnik Venerologii i Dermatologii 1950; 2: 55.","journal-title":"Vestnik Venerologii i Dermatologii"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","unstructured":"Avsitidiysky I. Osteochondritis Epiphysaria Syphilitica Wegneri in Connection With Clinical Manifestations of it. Thesis Moscow: 1891."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","unstructured":"Higoumenakis G. (op. cit. ref. 17)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","first-page":"568","article-title":"Nouveaux cas de bouton d'Orient a forme clinique atypique.","volume":"5","author":"Higoumenakis G","year":"1934","unstructured":"Higoumenakis G. Nouveaux cas de bouton d'Orient a forme clinique atypique. Annales de dermatologie et de syphiligraphie 1934; 5: 568\u201375.","journal-title":"Annales de dermatologie et de syphiligraphie"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","first-page":"138","article-title":"Die Behandlung und die seltenen Formen der Orientbeule.","volume":"94","author":"Behdjet H","year":"1932","unstructured":"Behdjet H. Die Behandlung und die seltenen Formen der Orientbeule. Dermatologische Wochenschrift 1932; 94: 138\u201342.","journal-title":"Dermatologische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","first-page":"1005","article-title":"Zur Klinik, Pathogenese und Therapie einiger atypischer Formen der Hautleishmaniose.","volume":"109","author":"Marchionini A","year":"1939","unstructured":"Marchionini A. Zur Klinik, Pathogenese und Therapie einiger atypischer Formen der Hautleishmaniose. Dermatologische Wochenschrift 1939; 109: 1005\u201317.","journal-title":"Dermatologische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","first-page":"125","article-title":"Discussion in Spyropoulos N. A case of childhood leishmaniasis in a 5-month infant.","author":"Higoumenakis G","year":"1931","unstructured":"Higoumenakis G. Discussion in Spyropoulos N. A case of childhood leishmaniasis in a 5-month infant. Proceedings of the Medical Society of Athens 1931: 125\u201334.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Medical Society of Athens"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02068444"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70209-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025727300042691"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","unstructured":"Higoumenakis NG. Personal Archive. See also Dermatolog\u00eda Tropica (1969). Today this journal is published under the title International Journal of Dermatology."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","unstructured":"Higoumenakis GK. (op. cit. ref. 20)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","unstructured":"Higoumenakis NG. 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