{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:44:20Z","timestamp":1777855460208,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]],"date-time":"2011-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1304208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Biogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In May 1863 at the Battle of Chancellorsville in the American Civil War, Lieutenant General Thomas J \u2018Stonewall\u2019 Jackson received three gunshot wounds and subsequently underwent amputation of his left arm. Four days after his operation Jackson developed pneumonia and died three days later. Some modern physicians have challenged the diagnosis of pneumonia and have suggested other diseases as the being the likely cause of his death. Reviewing the accounts of Jackson's course of illness in the context of 19th-century medical knowledge supports the original diagnosis of pneumonia as the cause of his death.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1258\/jmb.2010.010050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,10]],"date-time":"2011-05-10T16:00:07Z","timestamp":1305043207000},"page":"84-88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stonewall Jackson (1824\u201363) and \u2018The Old Man's Friend\u2019"],"prefix":"10.1258","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mathew W","family":"Lively","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr-JMB-10-50C1","first-page":"8","volume":"51","author":"Smith BC","year":"1975","journal-title":"Virginia Military Institute Alumni Review"},{"key":"bibr-JMB-10-50C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1963.03620290006002"},{"key":"bibr-JMB-10-50C3","first-page":"594","volume":"49","author":"Smith AD","year":"1973","journal-title":"Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine"},{"key":"bibr-JMB-10-50C4","first-page":"162","volume":"91","author":"Haines JD","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of the Oklahoma State Medical Association"},{"key":"bibr-JMB-10-50C5","first-page":"29","volume":"103","author":"Rozear MP","year":"1995","journal-title":"Virginia Magazine of History and Biography"},{"key":"bibr-JMB-10-50C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.172.1.6"},{"key":"bibr-JMB-10-50C7","unstructured":"WilbournRE. Letter to Charles Faulkner. May 1863; Box 37. Located at Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Virginia"},{"key":"bibr-JMB-10-50C8","unstructured":"WilbournRE. Letter to Robert Dabney. 12 December 1863; Charles William Dabney Papers. Southern Historical Collection. Located at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"},{"key":"bibr-JMB-10-50C9","unstructured":"WilbournRE. Letter to Jubal A. Early. 2 February 1873;Vol. 6. Jubal Anderson Early Papers. Located at: Library of Congress, Washington, DC"},{"key":"bibr-JMB-10-50C10","unstructured":"LeighBW. Extracts of a letter from Maj. Benjamin Watkins Leigh. 12 May 1863; Box 1. Dabney-Jackson Collection. Located at Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia"},{"key":"bibr-JMB-10-50C11","unstructured":"SmithJP. Statement of James P Smith. Miscellaneous Manuscripts. Located at New York Historical Society, New York City, New York"},{"key":"bibr-JMB-10-50C12","unstructured":"SmithJP. Narrative. Box 2. Dabney-Jackson Collection. Located at Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia"},{"key":"bibr-JMB-10-50C13","unstructured":"The death of Stonewall Jackson.\n                      Richmond Whig\n                      , 7 October 1865"},{"key":"bibr-JMB-10-50C14","unstructured":"McGuireHH. Last hours of Stonewall Jackson. Miscellaneous Manuscripts. Located at New York Historical Society, New York City, New York"},{"key":"bibr-JMB-10-50C15","first-page":"403","volume":"1","author":"McGuire HH","year":"1866","journal-title":"Richmond Medical Journal"},{"key":"bibr-JMB-10-50C16","unstructured":"McGuireHH. Dr. McGuire narrative. Box 2. Dabney-Jackson Collection. Located at Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia"},{"key":"bibr-JMB-10-50C17","volume-title":"Stonewall Jackson: A Military Biography","author":"Cooke JE","year":"1866"},{"key":"bibr-JMB-10-50C18","volume-title":"The Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion. 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Philadelphia: JB Lippincott and Co, 1858:8\u201311"},{"key":"bibr-JMB-10-50C25","volume-title":"Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion. Part I","author":"Otis GA","year":"1870"},{"key":"bibr-JMB-10-50C26","volume-title":"Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion. Part III","author":"Otis GA","year":"1883"},{"key":"bibr-JMB-10-50C27","volume-title":"A Manual of Military Surgery Prepared for the Use of the Confederate States Army","author":"Surgeon General's Office","year":"1863"},{"key":"bibr-JMB-10-50C28","unstructured":"ChisolmJJ. A Manual of Military Surgery for the Use of Surgeons in the Confederate States Army. 3rd edn. 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