{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:44:28Z","timestamp":1777855468068,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Biogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Modern medicine in China began with the arrival of Anglo-American Protestant missionaries in the early 19th century. Conditions were vastly different from the times of the Jesuits in Peking during the 17th and 18th centuries, when the priests enjoyed the endorsement of the Court and high officials. Faced with hostile and xenophobic officialdom and populace, surgeons of the British East India Company in collaboration with missionaries took the initiative. In 1805 Dr Alexander Pearson (1780-1874) introduced smallpox vaccination in Macao and Canton. Reverend Dr Robert Morrison (1782-1834) of the London Missionary Society with another East India Company Surgeon, Dr John Livingstone (1829) opened a dispensary for the poor in Macao in 1820. These pioneers paved the way for later Anglo-American medical missionaries who revolutionized medical practice in China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1258\/jmb.2011.011075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,21]],"date-time":"2013-08-21T14:24:50Z","timestamp":1377095090000},"page":"112-117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Protestant medical missions to China: the introduction of Western medicine with vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Louis","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Journal of Medical Biography (Pien Chueh - the Chinese god of medicine, Hua Tuo - the Chinese god of surgery (2002;10:92-9); Sung T'zu and medical jurisprudence in ancient China (2002;10-160-6); William Arbuthnot Lane and Kenelm Hutchinson Digby: a tale of two universities (2004;12:95-104); Music and medicine: a note on John Hunter and Joseph Haydn (2008;16:7-12); Medical missionaries to China: the Jesuits.(2010;18:11522;2011;19:73-9). Presently he is an Honorary Associate Professor in Orthopaedics at..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-jmb.2011.011075","unstructured":"Ljungstedt A. A brief account of an Ophthalmic Hospital at Macao during the years 1827 to 1832. Chinese Repository vol. III from May 1834 to April 1835, 364\u201373. Born in Linkoping, Sweden, this scholar and educator published the first history of Macao. He died and was buried in the Protestant Cemetery in Macao."},{"key":"bibr2-jmb.2011.011075","first-page":"397","author":"Thomson JC","year":"1887","journal-title":"Chinese Recorder & Missionary journal"},{"key":"bibr3-jmb.2011.011075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Couling S. The Encylopaedia Sinica: Macao. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, 1917: 319.","DOI":"10.1163\/ej.9781901903935.i-640.18"},{"key":"bibr4-jmb.2011.011075","volume-title":"A Historical Sketch of the Portuguese Settlement in China: and of the Roman Catholic Church and mission in China.","author":"Ljungstedt A","year":"1836"},{"key":"bibr5-jmb.2011.011075","unstructured":"Couling S (op. cit. ref. 3): 81-2."},{"key":"bibr6-jmb.2011.011075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Couling S (op. cit. ref. 3): 171-2.","DOI":"10.1163\/ej.9781901903935.i-640.11"},{"key":"bibr7-jmb.2011.011075","first-page":"93","volume":"1","author":"Thomson JC","year":"1887","journal-title":"China Medical Missionary Journal"},{"key":"bibr8-jmb.2011.011075","volume-title":"The fan kwae at Canton before treaty days 1825-1844.","year":"1882"},{"key":"bibr9-jmb.2011.011075","volume-title":"History of Chines Medicine, being a Chronicle of Medical Happenings in China from Ancient Times to the Present Period.","author":"Wong KC","year":"1932"},{"key":"bibr10-jmb.2011.011075","volume-title":"The Chronicles of the East India Company trading to China 1635-1834.","volume":"11","author":"Morse HB","year":"1926"},{"key":"bibr11-jmb.2011.011075","unstructured":"Couling S. The Encylopaedia Sinica: Staunton, Sir George Thomas. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh. 1917: 526. He accompanied his father Sir George Leonard Staunton as a page to Lord Macartney in the British Embassy to the Emperor Chien Nung in 1792. The boy was already well versed in the Chinese language and was the only foreigner in that embassy who could speak to the Emperor direct."},{"key":"bibr12-jmb.2011.011075","first-page":"35","author":"Bridgman EC","year":"1833","journal-title":"Chinese Repository"},{"key":"bibr13-jmb.2011.011075","author":"Lowrie WM","year":"1844","journal-title":"Chinese Repository"},{"key":"bibr14-jmb.2011.011075","first-page":"447","author":"Bridgman EC","year":"1832","journal-title":"Chinese Repository"},{"key":"bibr15-jmb.2011.011075","volume-title":"The Hakluyt Society second series: Cathay and the way thither being a collection of medieval notices of China vol. 1 preliminary essay.","author":"Yule H","year":"1915"},{"key":"bibr16-jmb.2011.011075","volume-title":"The middle kingdom, a survey of the geography, government, literature, social, life, arts, and history of the Chinese Umpire and its inhabitants. Revised edition with illustrations and a new map of the Umpire.","volume":"2","author":"Williams SW","year":"1895"},{"key":"bibr17-jmb.2011.011075","volume-title":"Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 1. Introductory orientations.","author":"Needham J","year":"1956"},{"key":"bibr18-jmb.2011.011075","volume-title":"Illustrated Catalogue of the Exhibition to Commemorate the 150th Anniversary of Dr Robert Morrison Held in the Fung Ping Shan Chinese Section of the University Library, Sept 4th \u221218th, 1957, and opened by H E The Chancellor of the University of Hong Kong Sir Alexander Grantham.","author":"Ride LT","year":"1957"},{"key":"bibr19-jmb.2011.011075","volume-title":"Robert Morrison: Pioneer of Missions to China.","author":"Townsend WJ","year":"1860"},{"key":"bibr20-jmb.2011.011075","volume-title":"Robert Morrison, a Master-builder.","author":"Broomhall M","year":"1924"},{"key":"bibr21-jmb.2011.011075","volume-title":"Annotated Catalogue of the Book Exhibition: A Bridge Between Two Cultures Commemorating the Two-hundredth Anniversary of Robert Morrison's arrival in China.","author":"Chu M","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr22-jmb.2011.011075","volume-title":"A Century of Protestant Missions in China (1807-1907), being the Centenary Conference Historical Volume.","author":"MacGillivray DA","year":"1907"},{"key":"bibr23-jmb.2011.011075","unstructured":"Morrison R, Morrison E (eds). Memoirs of the life and labours of Robert Morrison DD, FRS, MRAS, member of the Society Asiatique of Paris, &c &c, compiled by his widow; with critical notices of his Chinese works by Samuel Kidd. Vol. 2. (Period IV Section VI). London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1839: 1\u201397."},{"key":"bibr24-jmb.2011.011075","volume-title":"Medical Missionary in China: a Narrative of Twenty Years\u2019 Experience.","author":"Lockhart W","year":"1861"},{"key":"bibr25-jmb.2011.011075","first-page":"55","volume":"10","author":"Kerr JG","year":"1896","journal-title":"China Medical Missionary Journal"},{"key":"bibr26-jmb.2011.011075","unstructured":"Morse HB (op. cit. ref. 10), Vol IV."},{"key":"bibr27-jmb.2011.011075","unstructured":"Bridgman EC, Stevens E. Obituary notice of the Reverend Doctor Robert Morrison, with a brief view of his life and labours. Chinese Repository vol. 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XII from January to December 1842. 1843, 456-64."},{"key":"bibr32-jmb.2011.011075","volume-title":"The Protestant Cemeteries of Macau.","author":"Teixeira M","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr33-jmb.2011.011075","unstructured":"Wong KC. Lancet and Cross: Biographical Sketches of Fifty Pioneer Medical Missionaries in China: Benjamin Hobson. Shanghai: Council on Christian Medical Work, 1950: 14\u20136."},{"key":"bibr34-jmb.2011.011075","volume-title":"A history of Christian Missions in China.","author":"Latourette KS","year":"1929"},{"key":"bibr35-jmb.2011.011075","unstructured":"Morrison R, Morrison E (op. cit. ref. 23), Vol. 1. 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