{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:52:03Z","timestamp":1790959923442,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,22]],"date-time":"2011-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1308700800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med Sci Law"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In 1994, the Government of India enacted the Transplantation of Human Organs Act (THOA) to prevent commercial dealings in human organs. However, a greater number of scandals involving medical practitioners and others in the kidney trade has surfaced periodically in every state in India. The present regulatory system has failed mainly due to the misuse of Section 9(3) of the THOA, which approves the consent given by a live unrelated donor for the removal of organs for the reason of affection or attachment towards the recipient or for any other special reason. Currently in India, approximately 3500\u20134000 kidney transplants and 150\u2013200 liver transplants are performed annually. However, the availability of organs from brain-dead persons is very low. As a result, live related or unrelated donors form the main source of organ transplantation. Therefore, physicians and policy-makers should re-examine the value of introducing regulated incentive-based organ donation to increase the supply of organs for transplantation and to end unlawful financial transaction. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1258\/msl.2011.010134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,23]],"date-time":"2011-06-23T03:58:05Z","timestamp":1308801485000},"page":"134-140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Ethical and legal issues in organ transplantation: Indian scenario"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Karunakaran","family":"Mathiharan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Head & Associate Professor, Forensic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr-MSL-10-134C1","unstructured":"MasonJK, McCall SmithRA. Law and Medical Ethics. 4th edn. London: Butterworths, 1994: 4\u20135"},{"key":"bibr-MSL-10-134C2","unstructured":"Determination of Death and Organ Procurement: Social Aspects \u2013 World Medical Association Statement on Human Organ Donation and Transplantation adopted by the 52nd WMA General Assembly in Edinburgh, Scotland during October 2000 and revised by the WMA General Assembly, Pilanesberg, South Africa, October2006"},{"key":"bibr-MSL-10-134C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(02)03907-6"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr-MSL-10-134C4.1","unstructured":"Section 6.7 of Indian Medical Council (Professional Conduct, Etiquette and Ethics) Regulations, 2002: General Principles, The Physician's Responsibility, Medical Council of India (New Delhi, dated 11 March, 2002 No. MCI-211 (2)\/2001\/Registration. 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See http:\/\/www.dmrhs.org\/tnos\/ (last checked 1 April 2010)"},{"key":"bibr-MSL-10-134C8","unstructured":"KrishnakumarAsha. Organ Trade \u2013 a cure worse than the disease. Frontline 2004;21:January 31\u2013February 13. See http:\/\/www.hinduonnet.com\/fline\/fl2103\/stories\/20040213003509700.htm (last checked 02 April 2010)"},{"key":"bibr-MSL-10-134C9","unstructured":"Supra 6"},{"key":"bibr-MSL-10-134C10","unstructured":"Workshop on Implementation of Human Organs Act, 1994: Challenges and Policy Options held by Foundations for Sustainable Development, IIT, Madras on 8 March2003"},{"key":"bibr-MSL-10-134C11","unstructured":"Government of Tamilnadu Order \u2013 (MS) No. 341 of the Health Department, dated 29 October2003"},{"key":"bibr-MSL-10-134C12","unstructured":"Supra 8"},{"key":"bibr-MSL-10-134C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AIR 2005 SC 2106, (2005) 11 SCC 122","DOI":"10.1016\/S1464-2859(05)70722-7"},{"key":"bibr-MSL-10-134C14","unstructured":"See http:\/\/www.parliament.uk\/documents\/post\/postpn231.pdf (last checked on 9 January 2011)"},{"key":"bibr-MSL-10-134C15","unstructured":"See http:\/\/www.presumedconsent.org\/solutions.htm (last checked on 9 January 2011)"},{"key":"bibr-MSL-10-134C16","unstructured":"See http:\/\/www.nuffieldbioethics.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Human%20bodies%20in%20medicine%20and%20research%20consultation%20paper.pdf (last checked 9 January 2011)"},{"key":"bibr-MSL-10-134C17","first-page":"621","volume":"5","author":"Jefferies DE","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ind J Global Legal Stud"},{"key":"bibr-MSL-10-134C18","volume-title":"A Question of Give and Take: Improving the Supply of Donor Organs for Transplantation","author":"New B","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr-MSL-10-134C19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.53.082901.103900"},{"key":"bibr-MSL-10-134C20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7330.160"},{"key":"bibr-MSL-10-134C21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7180.350b"},{"key":"bibr-MSL-10-134C22","unstructured":"ShaunPD. 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