{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T04:04:22Z","timestamp":1770437062263,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,15]],"date-time":"2012-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1329264000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med Sci Law"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Deaths occurring during and\/or in close proximity to physical restraint have been attributed to positional asphyxia, a conclusion primarily based on opinion and reviews of case studies. This review sought to identify the current scientific evidence available in regard to the aetiology of adverse events or death occurring during or in close proximity to physical restraint. A systematic search of electronic databases (SPORTDiscus, AMED, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO) for papers published in English, between 1980 and 2011, using keywords that related to restraint, restraint position and cardiovascular function resulted in 11 experimental papers being found for review. The term positional asphyxia as a mechanism for sudden death is poorly understood. The literature shows that restraint position has the ability to impede life-maintaining physiological functions, but that the imposed impediment is not uniform across all restraint positions\/techniques. Further research is required to ascertain the risks posed by struggling during restraint for more prolonged periods of time and in different positions using varied techniques of restraint. This research should seek to and rank known or future risk factors of adverse events occurring during restraint, seeking to understand the interactions and if present the cumulative effect of these risk factors. Finally, future research should focus on populations other than apparently healthy male adults. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1258\/msl.2011.011101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,16]],"date-time":"2012-02-16T05:59:52Z","timestamp":1329371992000},"page":"137-142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["A review of the scientific literature related to the adverse impact of physical restraint: gaining a clearer understanding of the physiological factors involved in cases of restraint-related death"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Barnett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lecturer, School of Health and Rehabilitation, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Stirling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Director of Development, Positive Options, Lymedale Business Centre, Lymedale Business Park, Hooters Hall Lane, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 9QF"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anand D","family":"Pandyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor of Rehabilitation Technology for Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation & Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr-MSL-11-101C1","volume-title":"Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards Code of Practice to Supplement the Main Mental Capacity Act 2005 Code of Practice","author":"Mental Capacity Act 2005","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr-MSL-11-101C2","volume-title":"Guidance for Restrictive Physical Interventions: How to Provide Safe Services for People with Learning Disabilities and Autistic Spectrum 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