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The diagnosis is established with modern non-invasive cross-sectional imaging, preferably contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Although medical and open surgical therapies exist, transcatheter percutaneous embolotherapy has been shown to be a safe, effective and durable therapy for the treatment of PCS. Further prospective randomized studies are needed to refine optimal technique and assess long-term patient outcomes. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1258\/phleb.2012.012s27","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,6]],"date-time":"2012-02-06T12:55:55Z","timestamp":1328532955000},"page":"52-57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Pelvic Congestion Syndrome: A Review of Current Diagnostic and Minimally Invasive Treatment Modalities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"D D","family":"Kies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Radiology and Image Guided Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H S","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Radiology and Image Guided Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-phleb.2012.012s27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00458-0"},{"key":"bibr2-phleb.2012.012s27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(49)90705-X"},{"key":"bibr3-phleb.2012.012s27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1988.tb06845.x"},{"key":"bibr4-phleb.2012.012s27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2001.118802"},{"key":"bibr5-phleb.2012.012s27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)91165-6"},{"key":"bibr6-phleb.2012.012s27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.182.3.1820683"},{"key":"bibr7-phleb.2012.012s27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/phleb.2010.010049"},{"key":"bibr8-phleb.2012.012s27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.5.931"},{"key":"bibr9-phleb.2012.012s27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-009-0951-1"},{"key":"bibr10-phleb.2012.012s27","first-page":"339","volume":"73","author":"Rundqvist E","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Chir Gynaecol"},{"key":"bibr11-phleb.2012.012s27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(05)81067-0"},{"key":"bibr12-phleb.2012.012s27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.RVI.0000194870.11980.F8"},{"key":"bibr13-phleb.2012.012s27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-0443(07)61935-6"},{"key":"bibr14-phleb.2012.012s27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2005.03.052"},{"key":"bibr15-phleb.2012.012s27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1991.tb15336.x"},{"key":"bibr16-phleb.2012.012s27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-3804(05)60156-9"},{"key":"bibr17-phleb.2012.012s27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-007-9040-7"},{"key":"bibr18-phleb.2012.012s27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-007-9264-6"},{"key":"bibr19-phleb.2012.012s27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.201.131"},{"key":"bibr20-phleb.2012.012s27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-007-9160-0"}],"container-title":["Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1258\/phleb.2012.012s27","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1258\/phleb.2012.012s27","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1258\/phleb.2012.012s27","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T15:21:02Z","timestamp":1740928862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1258\/phleb.2012.012s27"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1_suppl","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1258\/phleb.2012.012s27"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1258\/phleb.2012.012s27","relation":{},"ISSN":["0268-3555","1758-1125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0268-3555","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1125","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]}}}