{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:50:20Z","timestamp":1790621420857,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1105","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]],"date-time":"2019-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients with diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy (DN) and healthy donor were analyzed to test whether the early DN patients can be detected using both blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) and diffusion tensor imaging.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of our hospital. MR images were acquired on a 3.0-Tesla MR system (Discovery MR750, General Electric, Milwaukee, WI). 30 diabetic patients were divided into NAU (normal to mildly increased albuminuria, N = 15) and MAU (moderately increased albuminuria, N = 15) group based on the absence or presence of microalbuminuria. 15 controls with sex- and age-matched were enrolled in the study. Prior to MRI scan, all participants were instructed to collect their fresh morning urine samples for quantitative measurement of urinary microalbumin and urinary creatinine. Then, the estimations of serum creatinine, serum uric acid, HbAlc and fasting plasma glucose as well as fundus examinations were performed in all subjects. Then, the values of albumin\u2013creatinine ratio (ACR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate were also calculated. All subjects underwent renal diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and BOLD acquisition after fasting for 4\u2009h. Regions of interest were placed in renal medulla and cortex for evaluating apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), fractional anisotropy (FA) and R2* values by two experienced radiologists. The consistency between the two observations was estimated using intragroup correlation coefficients. To test differences in ADC, FA and R2* values across the three groups, the data were analyzed using separate one-way ANOVAs. Post-hoc pair wise comparisons were then performed using t-test. To investigate the clinical relevance of imaging parameters in both regions across the three groups, the correlations of values of the ACR\/estimated glomerular filtration rate and of the ADC\/FA\/R2* were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There was a high level of consistency of those ADC, FA and R2* values across the three groups on both renal cortex and medulla measured by the two doctors. The FA value of medulla in MAU group was lower than that in control (p &amp;lt; 0.01). The R2* value of medulla in the NAU group was higher than that in the control (p &amp;lt; 0.01), and the R2* value of medulla in the MAU group was lower than that in the control (p = 0.009) . Moreover, the current study revealed a decreasing trend in FA values of the renal medulla from the control group to NAU and MAU groups. Finally, a weak negatively correlation between medullary R2* and ACR was found in current study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Medullary R2* value might be a new more sensitive predictor of early DN. Meanwhile, BOLD imaging detected the medullary hypoxia at the simply diabetic stage, while DTI didn\u2019t identify the medullary directional diffusion changes at this stage. Based on our assumption mentioned above, it\u2019s presumable that BOLD imaging may be more sensitive for assessment of the early renal function changes than DTI. These imaging techniques are more accurate and practical than conventional tests.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Advances in knowledge:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Non-invasive MRI was used to detect renal function changes at early DN stage.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20190562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T15:06:55Z","timestamp":1570806415000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Non-invasive assessment of early stage diabetic nephropathy by DTI and BOLD MRI"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"You-Zhen","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University , Guangzhou , Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao-Jiang","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University , Guangzhou , Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong-Yuan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University , Guangzhou , Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Jiao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University , Guangzhou , Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuang-Biao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology department, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University , Guangzhou , Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GE Healthcare , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Hua","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology department, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University , Guangzhou , Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang-Ran","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University , Guangzhou , Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024050215110847300_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0908292","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China","volume":"362","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000324934","article-title":"Epidemiology of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"170","author":"Reutens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Contrib Nephrol"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3109\/00365518609083660","article-title":"Early glomerular hyperfiltration in insulin-dependent diabetics and late nephropathy","volume":"46","author":"Mogensen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F667","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.2001.280.4.F667","article-title":"Hypoxia and high glucose cause exaggerated mesangial cell growth and collagen synthesis: role of osteopontin","volume":"280","author":"Sodhi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13122860","article-title":"Renal lipids and oxygenation in diabetic mice: noninvasive quantification with MR imaging","volume":"269","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1159\/000146075","article-title":"Renal parenchymal hypoxia, hypoxia response and the progression of chronic kidney disease","volume":"28","author":"Heyman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00211","article-title":"Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and kidney hypoxia in the development of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"8","author":"Schiffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.9.1399","article-title":"The need for early predictors of diabetic nephropathy risk: is albumin excretion rate sufficient?","volume":"49","author":"Caramori","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12111327","article-title":"Intravoxel incoherent motion and diffusion-tensor imaging in renal tissue under hydration and furosemide flow challenges","volume":"263","author":"Sigmund","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-018-1555-7","article-title":"Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) at 3.0 T: evaluation of early renal function changes in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"43","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-014-0365-8","article-title":"In vivo evaluation of renal function using diffusion weighted imaging and diffusion tensor imaging in type 2 diabetics with normoalbuminuria versus microalbuminuria","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1159\/000333044","article-title":"Use of diffusion tensor MRI to identify early changes in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"34","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2163-z","article-title":"Non-Invasive investigation of kidney disease in type 1 diabetes by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"54","author":"Thelwall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.04.029","article-title":"Proteinuria as a surrogate outcome in CKD: report of a scientific workshop sponsored by the National kidney Foundation and the US food and drug administration","volume":"54","author":"Levey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Glomerular score as a prognosticator in IgA nephropathy: its usefulness and limitation","volume":"49","author":"Katafuchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.114.000216","article-title":"Quantitative serum nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics in cardiovascular epidemiology and genetics","volume":"8","author":"Soininen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Genet"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rli.0000252492.96709.36","article-title":"Early changes with diabetes in renal medullary hemodynamics as evaluated by fiberoptic probes and BOLD magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"42","author":"dos Santos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22501","article-title":"Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) MRI of diabetic nephropathy: preliminary experience","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-15-140","article-title":"Effects of iodinated contrast agents on renal oxygenation level determined by blood oxygenation level dependent magnetic resonance imaging in rabbit models of type 1 and type 2 diabetic nephropathy","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0b013e3181ec9b02","article-title":"Evaluation of renal hypoxia in diabetic mice by BOLD MRI","volume":"45","author":"Prasad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010111143","article-title":"Noninvasive evaluation of kidney hypoxia and fibrosis using magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"22","author":"Inoue","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2011.03.045","article-title":"Noninvasive evaluation of renal oxygenation in diabetic nephropathy by BOLD-MRI","volume":"81","author":"Yin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.10224","article-title":"Renal diffusion and BOLD MRI in experimental diabetic nephropathy. blood oxygen level-dependent","volume":"17","author":"Ries","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1155-z","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species cause diabetes-induced decrease in renal oxygen tension","volume":"46","author":"Palm","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1 Pt 2","key":"2024050215110847300_b25","first-page":"F164","article-title":"Enhanced renal tubular ouabain-sensitive ATPase in streptozotocin diabetes mellitus","volume":"251","author":"Wald","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"3 Pt 1","key":"2024050215110847300_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C468","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1991.260.3.C468","article-title":"Localization of alpha-isoforms of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase in rat kidney by in situ hybridization","volume":"260","author":"Farman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00169839","article-title":"Vascular effects of loop diuretics: an in vivo and in vitro study in the rat","volume":"349","author":"Barthelmebs","year":"1994","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b28","first-page":"783","article-title":"Proton NMR relaxation times of human blood samples at 1.5 T and implications for functional MRI","volume":"43","author":"Barth","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003-0018","article-title":"From hyperglycemia to diabetic kidney disease: the role of metabolic, hemodynamic, intracellular factors and growth factors\/cytokines","volume":"25","author":"Schrijvers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b30","first-page":"346","article-title":"Assessment of renal function with intravoxel incoherent motion and diffusion tensor imaging in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"98","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25219","article-title":"Susceptibility tensor imaging of the kidney and its microstructural underpinnings","volume":"73","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2009.10.022","article-title":"Evaluation of podocyte lesion in patients with diabetic nephropathy: Wilms' tumor-1 protein used as a podocyte marker","volume":"87","author":"Su","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.4.1036","article-title":"Low glomerular filtration rate in normoalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients: an indicator of more advanced glomerular lesions","volume":"52","author":"Caramori","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0b013e31824f272d","article-title":"Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging for evaluation of histopathological changes in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"47","author":"Hueper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"key":"2024050215110847300_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2016.12.023","article-title":"Intravoxel incoherent motion and diffusion tensor imaging of early renal fibrosis induced in a murine model of streptozotocin induced diabetes","volume":"38","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"}],"container-title":["The British Journal of Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjr\/article-pdf\/93\/1105\/20190562\/54756688\/bjr.20190562.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjr\/article-pdf\/93\/1105\/20190562\/54756688\/bjr.20190562.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T16:05:41Z","timestamp":1714665941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjr\/article\/doi\/10.1259\/bjr.20190562\/7478609"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1105","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjr.20190562","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1285","1748-880X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1285","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-880X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]]},"article-number":"20190562"}}