{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T21:00:41Z","timestamp":1774990841143,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1113","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Aortic valve disease is the most common form of heart valve disease in developed countries and a growing healthcare burden with an ageing population. Transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography remains central to the diagnosis and surveillance of patients with aortic stenosis, providing gold standard assessments of valve haemodynamics and myocardial performance. However, other multimodality imaging techniques are being explored for the assessment of aortic stenosis, including combined PET\/CT and PET\/MR. Both approaches provide unique information with respect to disease activity in the valve alongside more conventional anatomic assessments of the valve and myocardium in this condition. This review investigates the emerging use of PET\/CT and PET\/MR to assess patients with aortic stenosis, examining how the complementary data provided by each modality may be used for research applications and potentially in future clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20190688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]],"date-time":"2019-10-24T14:34:37Z","timestamp":1571927677000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Aortic valve stenosis\u2014multimodality assessment with PET\/CT and PET\/MRI"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0038-043X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Tzolos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack PM","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc R.","family":"Dweck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024050215184391400_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69208-8","article-title":"Burden of valvular heart diseases: a population-based study","volume":"368","author":"Nkomo","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2012-302265","article-title":"The evolving epidemiology of valvular aortic stenosis. The Troms\u00f8 study","volume":"99","author":"Eveborn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.05.015","article-title":"Aortic stenosis in the elderly: disease prevalence and number of candidates for transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a meta-analysis and modeling study","volume":"62","author":"Osnabrugge","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.05.066","article-title":"Calcification in aortic stenosis: the skeleton key","volume":"66","author":"Pawade","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12410-016-9383-z","article-title":"The role of imaging in aortic valve disease","volume":"9","author":"Everett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Cardiovasc Imaging Rep"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.02.093","article-title":"Calcific aortic stenosis: a disease of the valve and the myocardium","volume":"60","author":"Dweck","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mibio.2004.04.006","article-title":"Positron emission tomography\/computed tomography?imaging protocols, artifacts, and pitfalls","volume":"6","author":"Bockisch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Molecular Imaging & Biology"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000135469.82545.D0","article-title":"Evaluation and clinical implications of aortic valve calcification measured by electron-beam computed tomography","volume":"110","author":"Messika-Zeitoun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(03)00184-3","article-title":"Aortic valve calcification on computed tomography predicts the severity of aortic stenosis","volume":"58","author":"Cowell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b10","article-title":"Computed tomography aortic valve calcium scoring in patients with aortic stenosis","volume":"11","author":"Pawade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000255952.47980.c2","article-title":"Aortic valve calcification: determinants and progression in the population","volume":"27","author":"Messika-Zeitoun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2014-307154","article-title":"Haemodynamic and anatomic progression of aortic stenosis","volume":"101","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b13","first-page":"371","article-title":"18F-sodium fluoride uptake is a marker of active calcification and disease progression in patients with aortic stenosis","volume":"7","author":"Dweck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2010.198853","article-title":"Measurement of aortic valve calcification using multislice computed tomography: correlation with haemodynamic severity of aortic stenosis and clinical implication for patients with low ejection fraction","volume":"97","author":"Cueff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.08.1621","article-title":"The complex nature of discordant severe calcified aortic valve disease grading: new insights from combined Doppler echocardiographic and computed tomographic study","volume":"62","author":"Clavel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.05.066","article-title":"Impact of aortic valve calcification, as measured by MDCT, on survival in patients with aortic stenosis: results of an international registry study","volume":"64","author":"Clavel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx391","article-title":"2017 ESC\/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease","volume":"38","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-14-50","article-title":"Left ventricular remodeling and hypertrophy in patients with aortic stenosis: insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance","volume":"14","author":"Dweck","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.59.4.679","article-title":"Determinants of ventricular function in pressure-overload hypertrophy in man","volume":"59","author":"Gunther","year":"1979","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.56.6.590","article-title":"Determinants of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with aortic stenosis","volume":"56","author":"Salcedo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000051865.66123.B7","article-title":"Progression from compensated hypertrophy to failure in the pressure-overloaded human heart: structural deterioration and compensatory mechanisms","volume":"107","author":"Hein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21547","article-title":"SSFP) cine MRI in distinguishing normal and bicuspid aortic valves","volume":"28","author":"Gleeson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/797189","article-title":"Ct and MRI in the evaluation of thoracic aortic diseases","volume":"2013","author":"Rajiah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Vasc Med"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.08.064","article-title":"Noninvasive detection of fibrosis applying contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance in different forms of left ventricular hypertrophy","volume":"53","author":"Rudolph","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.03.064","article-title":"Midwall fibrosis is an independent predictor of mortality in patients with aortic stenosis","volume":"58","author":"Dweck","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.02.612","article-title":"Prognostic significance of LGE by CMR in aortic stenosis patients undergoing valve replacement","volume":"64","author":"Barone-Rochette","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.570648","article-title":"Impact of unrecognized myocardial scar detected by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging on event-free survival in patients presenting with signs or symptoms of coronary artery disease","volume":"113","author":"Kwong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.07.049","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance, fibrosis, and prognosis in dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"48","author":"Assomull","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp575","article-title":"Risk stratification of patients with aortic stenosis","volume":"31","author":"Vahanian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.05.076","article-title":"In vivo 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging provides a noninvasive measure of carotid plaque inflammation in patients","volume":"48","author":"Tawakol","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8495","article-title":"Identifying active vascular microcalcification by 18F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography","volume":"6","author":"Irkle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.12.046","article-title":"Imaging of the aortic valve using fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography increased valvular fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in aortic stenosis","volume":"57","author":"Marincheva-Savcheva","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.051052","article-title":"Assessment of valvular calcification and inflammation by positron emission tomography in patients with aortic stenosis","volume":"125","author":"Dweck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht034","article-title":"Aortic stenosis, atherosclerosis, and skeletal bone: is there a common link with calcification and inflammation?","volume":"34","author":"Dweck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.06.1325","article-title":"Valvular 18F-Fluoride and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake predict disease progression and clinical outcome in patients with aortic stenosis","volume":"66","author":"Jenkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.01.070","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) and Oxidized Phospholipids Promote Valve Calcification in Patients With Aortic\u00a0Stenosis","volume":"73","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.12.056","article-title":"Detection and Prediction of Bioprosthetic\u00a0Aortic Valve Degeneration","volume":"73","author":"Cartlidge","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s10334-015-0505-4","article-title":"Investigating the state-of-the-art in whole-body MR-based attenuation correction: an intra-individual, inter-system, inventory study on three clinical PET\/MR systems","volume":"29","author":"Beyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Magn Reson Mater Phy"},{"issue":"10 Pt A","key":"2024050215184391400_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2016.09.029","article-title":"Coronary artery PET\/MR imaging: feasibility, limitations, and solutions","volume":"10","author":"Robson","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.117.194597","article-title":"Motion-Corrected imaging of the aortic valve with","volume":"58","author":"Doris","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b41","article-title":"Hybrid PET\/CT and PET\/MRI imaging of vulnerable coronary plaque and myocardial scar tissue in acute myocardial infarction","author":"Marchesseau","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nucl Cardiol"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b42","first-page":"661","article-title":"Pet\/Mri early after myocardial infarction: evaluation of viability with late gadolinium enhancement transmurality vs. 18F-FDG uptake","volume":"16","author":"Rischpler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b43","first-page":"594","article-title":"Clinical utility of combined FDG-PET\/MR to assess myocardial disease","volume":"10","author":"Abgral","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b44","first-page":"94","article-title":"Hybrid Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Positron Emission Tomography With Fluorodeoxyglucose to Diagnose Active\u00a0Cardiac Sarcoidosis","volume":"11","author":"Dweck","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu086","article-title":"Multiparametric assessment of myocarditis using simultaneous positron emission tomography\/magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"35","author":"Nensa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.114.147744","article-title":"Integrated 18F-FDG PET\/MR imaging in the assessment of cardiac masses: a pilot study","volume":"56","author":"Nensa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Nuclear Medicine"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.09.953","article-title":"18 F-Sodium Fluoride PET\/MR for the Assessment of Cardiac\u00a0Amyloidosis","volume":"68","author":"Trivieri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01886-7","article-title":"The incidence of congenital heart disease","volume":"39","author":"Hoffman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2003.05.003","article-title":"Prevalence of congenital heart disease","volume":"147","author":"Hoffman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2016-309916","article-title":"Contemporary natural history of bicuspid aortic valve disease: a systematic review","volume":"103","author":"Masri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2024050215184391400_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040386","article-title":"Bicuspid aortic valve stenosis and the effect of vitamin K2 on calcification using","volume":"10","author":"Peeters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["The British Journal of Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjr\/article-pdf\/93\/1113\/20190688\/57377776\/bjr.20190688.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjr\/article-pdf\/93\/1113\/20190688\/57377776\/bjr.20190688.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T16:33:23Z","timestamp":1714667603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjr\/article\/doi\/10.1259\/bjr.20190688\/7451983"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1113","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjr.20190688","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1285","1748-880X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1285","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-880X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"article-number":"20190688"}}