{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:51:06Z","timestamp":1790779866796,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1115","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BJR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has considered for over 60 years that the lens of the eye is among the most radiosensitive tissues, and has recommended dose limits for the lens to prevent occurrence of vision impairing cataracts (VICs). Epidemiological evidence that doses much lower than previously thought produce cataracts led ICRP to recommend reducing dose threshold for VICs and reducing an occupational equivalent dose limit for the lens in 2011, when only a single threshold of 0.5\u2009Gy was recommended. On the basis of epidemiological evidence, ICRP assumed progression of minor opacities into VICs and no dose rate effect. This contrasts with previously recommended separate thresholds for minor opacities and VICs, and for different exposure scenarios. Progression was assumed based on similar risks of cataracts and cataract surgery in Japanese atomic bomb survivors. The absence of dose rate effect derived from the observed similar thresholds for protracted exposures in Chernobyl cleanup workers and in atomic bomb survivors. Since 2011, there has been an increasing body of epidemiological evidence relating to cataracts and other ocular diseases (i.e. glaucoma and macular degeneration), particularly at low doses and low dose rates. This review paper gives an overview of the scientific basis of the 2011 ICRP recommendation, discusses the plausibility of these two assumptions in the light of emerging scientific evidence, and considers the radiosensitivity of the lens among ocular structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20190829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T09:00:24Z","timestamp":1572512424000},"page":"20190829","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["An update on effects of ionizing radiation exposure on the eye"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Nobuyuki","family":"Hamada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara V.","family":"Azizova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department, Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Ozyorskoe Shosse 19, Ozyorsk Chelyabinsk Region, 456780, Ozersk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark P.","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9778, Bethesda, MD 20892-9778, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"b2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30544-5"},{"key":"b3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1688.1"},{"key":"b4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-013-0484-7"},{"key":"b5","first-page":"234","volume":"21","author":"Chalupecky H","year":"1897","journal-title":"Zentralbl Augenheilkd"},{"key":"b6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM190304021481404"},{"key":"b7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.110.2868.654"},{"key":"b8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.110.2868.655"},{"key":"b9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-24-277-46"},{"issue":"6","key":"b10","first-page":"1","volume":"28","author":"ICRP","year":"1955","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"b11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6453(76)90002-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","first-page":"1","volume":"21","author":"ICRP","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"issue":"2","key":"b13","first-page":"1","volume":"37","author":"ICRP","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"b14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rru019"},{"key":"b15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icrp.2012.02.001"},{"key":"b16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/aa73e8"},{"key":"b17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2019.1605464"},{"key":"b18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rru036"},{"key":"b19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20151034"},{"key":"b20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2016.06.006"},{"key":"b21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HP.0000175442.03596.63"},{"key":"b22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR0928.1"},{"key":"b23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR0298.1"},{"key":"b24","volume-title":"Reassessment of the atomic bomb radiation dosimetry for Hiroshima and Nagasaki, dosimetry system 2002. 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